Pythagoras0: /* 노트 */ 새 문단

2020-12-21T09:33:44Z

노트: 새 문단

새 문서

== 노트 ==

===위키데이터===
* ID : [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555 Q176555]
===말뭉치===
# They report that the quantum computer solved an arithmetic task in 200 seconds... for which a conventional supercomputer would have needed 10,000 years.<ref name="ref_99f0eac6">[https://www.dw.com/en/how-a-quantum-computer-works/a-50969000 How a quantum computer works]</ref>
# It has not yet been proven, for example, that a quantum computer can run stably for hours, days or even years.<ref name="ref_99f0eac6" />
# Get the entire 31-page report Download the free report to learn about the the quantum computing industry landscape and how close we are to quantum supremacy.<ref name="ref_f65f6420">[https://www.cbinsights.com/research/report/quantum-computing/ What Is Quantum Computing?]</ref>
# A truly universal quantum computer would likely make use of over 100,000 qubits — some estimates put it at 1M qubits.<ref name="ref_f65f6420" />
# The basic idea behind the universal quantum computer is that you could direct the machine at any massively complex computation and get a quick solution.<ref name="ref_f65f6420" />
# Researchers have been designing algorithms for years that are only possible on a universal quantum computer.<ref name="ref_f65f6420" />
# One of the prime examples is quantum computing, an almost legendary form of computing that promises exceptional speed improvements that will revolutionise many aspects of human life.<ref name="ref_42467322">[https://www.paconsulting.com/insights/what-is-quantum-computing-performance-applications-evolution/ Quantum computing: what is it, what can it do and how will it evolve?]</ref>
# Quantum computing is one of those technologies that futurists often joke is always a couple of decades away.<ref name="ref_42467322" />
# The power of the quantum computer comes from the fact that it’s not limited to binary bits (the ones and zeros of traditional computer processors).<ref name="ref_42467322" />
# Today’s approaches to quantum computing try to solve optimisation problems that have broad cross-sector applicability, like the fine tuning of supply chains.<ref name="ref_42467322" />
# Nevertheless, like Schrödinger’s cat, the quantum computer’s final calculation emerges only once the qubits are measured and “collapse” their quantum state to either a 1 or 0.<ref name="ref_b4cf10e9">[https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/what-are-quantum-computers/ What are quantum computers?]</ref>
# In addition to enabling the instantaneous and secure transfer of information, superimposed qubits can be entangled in a chain-like fashion to exponentially enhance a quantum computer’s power.<ref name="ref_b4cf10e9" />
# For example, a binary computer with eight bits can represent any number between 0 and 225; a quantum computer with eight qubits can represent every number between 0 and 255 at the same time.<ref name="ref_b4cf10e9" />
# Quantum supremacy refers to the moment when a quantum computer is able to outperform a conventional system or accomplish a task otherwise thought impossible even for a powerful supercomputer.<ref name="ref_b4cf10e9" />
# From a social-historical perspective, quantum computing is a domain where experimentalists find themselves ahead of their fellow theorists.<ref name="ref_77419c49">[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-quantcomp/ Quantum Computing (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)]</ref>
# From a more philosophical perspective, advances in quantum computing may yield foundational benefits.<ref name="ref_77419c49" />
# Consequently, experimentalists around the world are engaged in attempts to tackle the technological difficulties that prevent the realisation of a large scale quantum computer.<ref name="ref_77419c49" />
# Published in 1994, this algorithm marked a ‘phase transition’ in the development of quantum computing and sparked a tremendous interest even outside the physics community.<ref name="ref_77419c49" />
# But eight qubits is enough for a quantum computer to represent every number between 0 and 255 at the same time.<ref name="ref_f74295d1">[https://www.newscientist.com/question/what-is-a-quantum-computer/ What is a quantum computer?]</ref>
# A quantum computer harnesses some of the almost-mystical phenomena of quantum mechanics to deliver huge leaps forward in processing power.<ref name="ref_583178a4">[https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/01/29/66141/what-is-quantum-computing/ Explainer: What is a quantum computer?]</ref>
# Thanks to this counterintuitive phenomenon, a quantum computer with several qubits in superposition can crunch through a vast number of potential outcomes simultaneously.<ref name="ref_583178a4" />
# Quantum computing is essentially harnessing and exploiting the amazing laws of quantum mechanics to process information.<ref name="ref_ab866b40">[https://uwaterloo.ca/institute-for-quantum-computing/quantum-computing-101 Quantum computing 101 | Institute for Quantum Computing]</ref>
# A quantum computer, on the other hand, uses quantum bits, or qubits.<ref name="ref_ab866b40" />
# Thanks to superposition and entanglement, a quantum computer can process a vast number of calculations simultaneously.<ref name="ref_ab866b40" />
# Think of it this way: whereas a classical computer works with ones and zeros, a quantum computer will have the advantage of using ones, zeros and “superpositions” of ones and zeros.<ref name="ref_ab866b40" />
# In October 2019, researchers at Google announced to great fanfare that their embryonic quantum computer had solved a problem that would overwhelm the best supercomputers.<ref name="ref_af001a18">[https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/07/biggest-flipping-challenge-quantum-computing The biggest flipping challenge in quantum computing]</ref>
# Some said the milestone, known as quantum supremacy, marked the dawn of the age of quantum computing.<ref name="ref_af001a18" />
# However, Greg Kuperberg, a mathematician at the University of California, Davis, who specializes in quantum computing, wasn’t so impressed.<ref name="ref_af001a18" />
# In contrast, a quantum computer employs quantum bits, or qubits, that can be both 0 and 1 at the same time, the equivalent of you sitting at both ends of your couch at once.<ref name="ref_af001a18" />
# A machine capable of living up to the original promise of quantum computing by, for example, cracking conventional encryption, would require millions of individually controllable qubits.<ref name="ref_9429c580">[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03237-w Quantum computer race intensifies as alternative technology gains steam]</ref>
# Laboratories have long competed to build the quantum computer with the most qubits.<ref name="ref_9429c580" />
# In June, technology firm Honeywell in Charlotte, North Carolina, claimed to have made the world’s most powerful quantum computer as measured by ‘quantum volume’.<ref name="ref_9429c580" />
# Another measure of power is a quantum computer’s ability to beat a classical machine on a problem — which Google did last year using a 54-quibit machine.<ref name="ref_9429c580" />
# Quantum computing uses the qubit as the basic unit of information rather than the conventional bit.<ref name="ref_128e6ca3">[https://www.iberdrola.com/innovation/what-is-quantum-computing What is quantum computing and how does it work?]</ref>
# Quantum computing does not have its own programming code and requires the development and implementation of very specific algorithms.<ref name="ref_128e6ca3" />
# Computer security, biomedicine, the development of new materials and the economy, are among the fields that may be revolutionised by advances in quantum computing.<ref name="ref_128e6ca3" />
# Companies like Airbus use quantum computing to design more efficient aircraft.<ref name="ref_128e6ca3" />
# Quantum computing is the use of quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to perform computation.<ref name="ref_86fed412">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing Quantum computing]</ref>
# Conversely, any problem that can be solved by a quantum computer can also be solved by a classical computer, at least in principle given enough time.<ref name="ref_86fed412" />
# A choice of gate family that enables this construction is known as a universal gate set, since a computer that can run such circuits is a universal quantum computer.<ref name="ref_86fed412" />
# By comparison, a quantum computer could efficiently solve this problem using Shor's algorithm to find its factors.<ref name="ref_86fed412" />
# One rough way to measure a quantum computer’s capability is its number of “qubits”, the analogue of classical computing’s 1-or-0 bits.<ref name="ref_70d3c9d3">[https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2020/12/19/wall-streets-latest-shiny-new-thing-quantum-computing Quantum for quants - Wall Street’s latest shiny new thing: quantum computing]</ref>
# IBM , which has invested heavily in quantum computing, reckons it can build a 1,000-qubit machine by 2023.<ref name="ref_70d3c9d3" />
# Explore the making of a quantum computer at the Institute of Physics at the University of Stuttgart Learn about quantum computers.<ref name="ref_841bf383">[https://www.britannica.com/technology/quantum-computer Quantum computer | computer science]</ref>
# However, actually building a useful quantum computer has proved difficult.<ref name="ref_841bf383" />
# This type of quantum computer can be extended by using molecules with more individually addressable nuclei.<ref name="ref_841bf383" />
# In fact, in March 2000 Emanuel Knill, Raymond Laflamme, and Rudy Martinez of Los Alamos and Ching-Hua Tseng of MIT announced that they had created a 7-qubit quantum computer using trans-crotonic acid.<ref name="ref_841bf383" />
# In quantum computing, operations instead use the quantum state of an object to produce what's known as a qubit.<ref name="ref_767df570">[https://www.sciencealert.com/quantum-computers How Do Quantum Computers Work?]</ref>
# For the time being, classical technology can manage any task thrown at a quantum computer.<ref name="ref_767df570" />
# Quantum computing swaps the deterministic property of “charge vs. no charge” for a quantum property such as an electron’s spin.<ref name="ref_7f147af9">[https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/simulating-subatomic-physics-on-a-quantum-computer Simulating subatomic physics on a quantum computer]</ref>
# This switcheroo from binary to non-binary dramatically increases a quantum computer’s ability to perform multifaceted calculations.<ref name="ref_7f147af9" />
# “We can use the quantum processes happening inside a quantum computer to simulate the quantum processes happening inside our experiment,” Ringer says.<ref name="ref_7f147af9" />
# “Potentially, the particle physics community could even have an impact on shaping the evolution of quantum computing by proposing interesting problems that the next generation of machines could solve.<ref name="ref_7f147af9" />
# The most difficult problem to solve in improving quantum computing and communications is the fragility of the quantum state of matter.<ref name="ref_38dc1056">[https://www.pcmag.com/news/quantum-computing-a-bubble-ready-to-burst Quantum Computing: A Bubble Ready to Burst?]</ref>
# “As we push on the number of qubits, you’re able to explore a much more varied set of quantum circuits,” says Jerry Chow, the senior manager of the Experimental Quantum Computing Group at IBM.<ref name="ref_38dc1056" />
# To circumvent this problem and unlock the full potential of quantum computing, some researchers are working on adding error-correcting codes, which are already implemented in some classical computers.<ref name="ref_38dc1056" />
# Jerry Chow, IBM researcher in the Experimental Quantum Computing group, prepares for a quantum experiment.<ref name="ref_38dc1056" />
# Quantum computing could change the world.<ref name="ref_113e9fcb">[https://www.wired.co.uk/article/quantum-computing-explained Quantum computing and quantum supremacy, explained]</ref>
# Recently, Google claimed that it had achieved quantum supremacy – the first time a quantum computer has outperformed a traditional one.<ref name="ref_113e9fcb" />
# A quantum computer can go down every path of the maze at once.<ref name="ref_113e9fcb" />
# But in the realm of quantum computing, it means that you can move information around, even if it contains uncertainty.<ref name="ref_113e9fcb" />
# Meanwhile, there is a lot of equipment to control the quantum computer.<ref name="ref_30906eff">[https://www.honeywell.com/us/en/news/2020/06/the-worlds-highest-performing-quantum-computer-is-here The World’s Highest Performing Quantum Computer is Here]</ref>
# Practically, that means that certain computations that can never be done on even the highest performing supercomputer will one day be computed on a quantum computer.<ref name="ref_30906eff" />
# “The promise of quantum computing, ultimately, is that instead of getting close, you get exact,” Tony said.<ref name="ref_30906eff" />
# The challenges in developing functioning quantum computing systems are manifold and daunting.<ref name="ref_f49e6383">[https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/research/quantum-computing.html Quantum Computing]</ref>
# QuTech was created as an advanced research and education center for quantum computing by the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Research and the Delft University of Technology.<ref name="ref_f49e6383" />
# In addition to its collaboration with QuTech, Intel Labs is also working with other ecosystem members both on fundamental and system-level challenges on the entire quantum computing stack.<ref name="ref_f49e6383" />
# In fact, QuTech has already begun testing small-scale spin-qubit-based quantum computer systems.<ref name="ref_f49e6383" />
# Quantum computing, on the other hand, uses quantum bits or qubits.<ref name="ref_166034f9">[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/q/quantum-computing.asp Quantum Computing]</ref>
# According to the Institute for Quantum Computing at the University of Waterloo, the field of quantum computing started in the 1980s.<ref name="ref_166034f9" />
# This latest demonstration of quantum computing’s potential from the USTC group is critical because it differs dramatically from Google’s approach.<ref name="ref_1c1f3034">[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/light-based-quantum-computer-exceeds-fastest-classical-supercomputers/ Light-Based Quantum Computer Exceeds Fastest Classical Supercomputers]</ref>
# But it quickly became apparent that building a universal photonic quantum computer was infeasible.<ref name="ref_1c1f3034" />
# To even build a working quantum computer would require millions of lasers and other optical devices.<ref name="ref_1c1f3034" />
# Boson sampling is a quantum computer that solves itself by being the distribution of photons.<ref name="ref_1c1f3034" />
# In 2019, Google's research team made a major breakthrough when their quantum computer managed to solve a task far more quickly than the world's best supercomputer.<ref name="ref_ba62b6c5">[https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-12/cuot-tqc121620.php Tiny quantum computer solves real optimisation problem]</ref>
# "We want to be sure that the quantum computer we are developing can help solve relevant problems early on.<ref name="ref_ba62b6c5" />
# The quantum computer completed the complex computation in 200 seconds.<ref name="ref_88d42aa9">[https://www.livescience.com/google-hits-quantum-supremacy.html Google's Quantum Computer Just Aced an 'Impossible' Test]</ref>
# Google's quantum computer consists of microscopic circuits of superconducting metal that entangle 53 qubits in a complex superposition state.<ref name="ref_88d42aa9" />
# On paper, it's easy to show why a quantum computer could outperform traditional computers.<ref name="ref_88d42aa9" />
# Classical computers have helped us unlock some mysteries we couldn't process with human power alone, but in the age of quantum computing, we may be able to take that power even further.<ref name="ref_806820e9">[https://www.edx.org/learn/quantum-computing Learn Quantum Computing with Online Courses and Classes]</ref>
# Understanding quantum systems could position you for research in true fault-tolerant quantum computing.<ref name="ref_806820e9" />
# However, until that noise is reduced, quantum computing is still a significant factor in the next stage of cybersecurity and AI.<ref name="ref_806820e9" />
# Other industries, such as healthcare and finance, are hoping to use quantum computing to untangle issues too complex for classical computing.<ref name="ref_806820e9" />
# IBM , Google , Microsoft , Amazon , and other companies are investing heavily in developing large-scale quantum computing hardware and software.<ref name="ref_4dc27d6c">[https://hbr.org/2020/09/are-you-ready-for-the-quantum-computing-revolution Are You Ready for the Quantum Computing Revolution?]</ref>
# Quantum computing and quantum communication could impact many sectors, including healthcare, energy, finance, security, and entertainment.<ref name="ref_4dc27d6c" />
# Hackers trying to copy quantum keys used for encrypting and transmitting messages would be foiled, even if they had access to a quantum computer, or other powerful resources.<ref name="ref_4dc27d6c" />
# The same can be said for a quantum computer compared to a classical computer.<ref name="ref_4dc27d6c" />
# A Quantum Computer is a processor whose function is based on the laws of quantum mechanics.<ref name="ref_83d37ba1">[https://www.reply.com/en/topics/quantum-computing/quantum Quantum Computing for Business]</ref>
# QUANTUM MECHANICS Quantum mechanics is the basis of Quantum Computing and refers to the scientific laws that affect the smallest dimension of nature: molecules, atoms and subatomic particles.<ref name="ref_83d37ba1" />
# As the basis of Quantum Computing, Qubits can – in contrast to bits, which can only be represented by a zero or a one – be a zero, a one or both at the same time and form a so-called superposition.<ref name="ref_83d37ba1" />
# That milestone, known as quantum supremacy, has been met only once before, in 2019 by Google’s quantum computer (SN: 10/23/19).<ref name="ref_248ef9c1">[https://www.sciencenews.org/article/new-light-based-quantum-computer-jiuzhang-supremacy The new light-based quantum computer Jiuzhang has achieved quantum supremacy]</ref>
# The quantum computer Jiuzhang manipulates light via a complex arrangement of optical devices (shown).<ref name="ref_248ef9c1" />
# If operated with large numbers of photons and many channels, the quantum computer will produce a distribution of numbers that is too complex for a classical computer to calculate.<ref name="ref_248ef9c1" />
# In contrast, Google’s quantum computer could be programmed to execute a variety of algorithms.<ref name="ref_248ef9c1" />
# We think quantum computing will help us develop the innovations of tomorrow, including AI.<ref name="ref_0fed1da0">[https://research.google/teams/applied-science/quantum/ Quantum – Google Research]</ref>
# Quantum computing is a new paradigm that will play a big role in accelerating tasks for AI.<ref name="ref_0fed1da0" />
# The past decade has seen explosive growth in research dedicated to quantum technologies such as quantum sensing, quantum communication, and quantum computing.<ref name="ref_fcf483dd">[https://delft-circuits.com/applications/quantum-computation/ Quantum Computer Hardware & Cables]</ref>
# Quantum computing hardware requires extremely cold temperatures to operate and are therefore usually placed within a cryogenic dilution refrigerator.<ref name="ref_fcf483dd" />
# The problem becomes clear when you look up a photo of a large quantum computer; all you see are massive cables for quantum computers going down.<ref name="ref_fcf483dd" />
# Surprisingly, I am now doing something similar—I am studying how to solve problems on a quantum computer.<ref name="ref_94b07cd3">[https://www.ias.edu/ideas/2014/ambainis-quantum-computing What Can We Do with a Quantum Computer?]</ref>
# He managed to inspire a small number of people who started thinking: what would a quantum computer look like?<ref name="ref_94b07cd3" />
# There are several tasks for which a quantum computer will be useful.<ref name="ref_94b07cd3" />
# First of all, if we have a quantum computer, it will be useful for scientists for conducting virtual experiments.<ref name="ref_94b07cd3" />
# Quantum computing may be viewed as the apex of quantum information processing algorithms.<ref name="ref_775058d3">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/quantum-computer Quantum Computer - an overview]</ref>
# The first paradigm is more common, and usually a reference to a “quantum computer” defaults to the gate-based concept.<ref name="ref_775058d3" />
# Several other practical problems can be efficiently solved using quantum computing algorithms.<ref name="ref_775058d3" />
# Programming such a quantum computer amounts to setting up a desired array of J i j final values.<ref name="ref_775058d3" />
# An ultimate goal of quantum computing is to perform calculations beyond the reach of any classical computer.<ref name="ref_102a1e08">[https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevX.10.041038 What Limits the Simulation of Quantum Computers?]</ref>
# This compression introduces a finite error rate ε so that the algorithms closely mimic the behavior of real quantum computing devices.<ref name="ref_102a1e08" />
# The quantum computer will feature Anyon’s Yukon generation superconducting quantum processor.<ref name="ref_04db0b85">[https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/12/15/2145338/0/en/Anyon-Systems-to-Deliver-a-Quantum-Computer-to-the-Canadian-Department-of-National-Defense.html Anyon Systems to Deliver a Quantum Computer to the Canadian Department of National Defense]</ref>
# Quantum computing is expected to be a disruptive technology and is of strategic importance to many industries and government agencies.<ref name="ref_04db0b85" />
# Founded in 2014, Anyon Systems is the first Canadian company manufacturing gate-based quantum computing platform for universal quantum computation.<ref name="ref_04db0b85" />
# It seems plausible that it will always be possible to build classical computers that have more bits than the number of qubits in the largest quantum computer.<ref name="ref_0764a65a">[https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/quantum_computer.htm Quantum computer]</ref>
# This means that a quantum computer can solve at least one problem much faster than any conventional supercomputer.<ref name="ref_38256cd7">[https://physicsworld.com/a/molecules-electronic-structure-is-simulated-on-a-quantum-computer/ Molecule’s electronic structure is simulated on a quantum computer – Physics World]</ref>
# “This work pushes the needle in quantum computing for chemistry,” says quantum chemist and computer scientist Alán Aspuru-Guzik of the University of Toronto in Canada.<ref name="ref_38256cd7" />
# Any discussion of quantum computing feels like a quantum leap into a sci-fi realm.<ref name="ref_31a15d4b">[https://bernardmarr.com/default.asp?contentID=1193 15 Things Everyone Should Know About Quantum Computing]</ref>
# So, computer innovators began to seek possible solutions at the atomic and subatomic level in a field known as quantum computing.<ref name="ref_31a15d4b" />
# Industry leaders are racing to develop and launch a viable quantum computer and make it commercially available.<ref name="ref_31a15d4b" />
# This year, Google stated publicly that it would produce a viable quantum computer in the next 5 years and added that they would reach “quantum supremacy” with a 50-qubit quantum computer.<ref name="ref_31a15d4b" />
# How would you compare the effort in China in the area of quantum computing with that in other parts of the world, for example, in the United States?<ref name="ref_13ec6182">[https://asiatimes.com/2020/12/china-gaining-fast-on-us-quantum-computing-lead/ China gaining fast on US quantum computing lead]</ref>
# It’s a billion dollars or so for quantum computing research.<ref name="ref_13ec6182" />
# They are trying to build a photonic quantum computer.<ref name="ref_13ec6182" />
# We want to go straight for a full error-corrected quantum computer.<ref name="ref_13ec6182" />
# With this new iteration, IonQ continues to lead the quantum computing field into the future.<ref name="ref_23c724eb">[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ionq-unveils-worlds-most-powerful-quantum-computer-301143782.html IonQ Unveils World's Most Powerful Quantum Computer]</ref>
# no other quantum computer has been able to achieve, and even more importantly, we know how to continue making these systems much more powerful moving forward.<ref name="ref_23c724eb" />
# IonQ's unique approach to quantum computing is to start with nature: using individual atoms as the heart of our quantum processing units.<ref name="ref_23c724eb" />
# Quantum computing exploits the coherence and superposition properties of quantum systems to explore many possible computational paths in parallel.<ref name="ref_f0b27434">[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0143 Quantum computing using continuous-time evolution]</ref>
# In §2, the basic ideas of quantum computing are explained, and some of the various different models outlined.<ref name="ref_f0b27434" />
# There are many strands to the research into new types of computers, but one of the most established, and most promising in terms of the potential advantages, is quantum computing.<ref name="ref_f0b27434" />
# Quantum computing exploits two properties of quantum systems to access a fundamentally different logical operation from classical computing.<ref name="ref_f0b27434" />
===소스===
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양자 컴퓨터 - 편집 역사

Pythagoras0: /* 위키데이터 */

2021년 2월 17일 (수) 08:17에 Pythagoras0님의 편집

Pythagoras0: /* 메타데이터 */ 새 문단

Pythagoras0: /* 노트 */ 새 문단

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 == 노트 ==
 ===말뭉치===
 # They report that the quantum computer solved an arithmetic task in 200 seconds... for which a conventional supercomputer would have needed 10,000 years.<ref name="ref_99f0eac6">[https://www.dw.com/en/how-a-quantum-computer-works/a-50969000 How a quantum computer works]</ref>

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 * ID :  [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555 Q176555]

← 이전 판		2020년 12월 26일 (토) 12:22 판
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