2021년 2월 17일 (수) 08:19에 Pythagoras0님의 편집

2021-02-17T08:19:50Z

Pythagoras0: /* 메타데이터 */ 새 문단

2020-12-26T12:23:34Z

메타데이터: 새 문단

Pythagoras0: /* 노트 */ 새 문단

2020-12-21T08:58:36Z

노트: 새 문단

새 문서

== 노트 ==

===위키데이터===
* ID : [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q324254 Q324254]
===말뭉치===
# The term ontology draws its traditional meaning from the philosophical discussions of metaphysics pertaining to the nature of being .<ref name="ref_251dc55d">[http://www.sfu.ca/educ867/htm/ontology.htm Ontology]</ref>
# In the traditional philosophical discussions (Plato and Aristotle) regarding ontology, the nature of being is concerned with what truly exists.<ref name="ref_251dc55d" />
# An other useful ontology is the 'Human phenotype ontology' (http://bioportal.bioontology.org/visualize/45159/) which aims to list disease and how diseases relate to each other in a semi-hierarchy.<ref name="ref_bbf35dac">[https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ontology Radiology Reference Article]</ref>
# The DBpedia Ontology is a shallow, cross-domain ontology, which has been manually created based on the most commonly used infoboxes within Wikipedia.<ref name="ref_43d548cd">[https://wiki.dbpedia.org/services-resources/ontology Ontology]</ref>
# With the DBpedia 3.2 release, we introduced a new infobox extraction method based on hand-generated mappings of Wikipedia infoboxes to the DBpedia ontology.<ref name="ref_43d548cd" />
# With the DBpedia 3.5 release, we introduced a public wiki for writing infobox mappings, editing existing ones as well as editing the DBpedia ontology.<ref name="ref_43d548cd" />
# Since the DBpedia 3.7 release, the ontology is a directed-acyclic graph, not a tree.<ref name="ref_43d548cd" />
# To many people, the word ‘ontology’ might sound abstract.<ref name="ref_bc487533">[https://janzz.technology/ontology-and-taxonomy-stop-comparing-things-that-are-incomparable/ Ontology and taxonomy – stop comparing things that are incomparable]</ref>
# What an ontology can do, however, is to “learn” about the semantic meaning of a term through the interlinks between the concepts in its system.<ref name="ref_bc487533" />
# Ontology is often confused with taxonomy.<ref name="ref_bc487533" />
# Building an ontology of occupations, qualifications and skills makes it possible to automatically recognize similarities and differences between job titles.<ref name="ref_bc487533" />
# DNV GL has delivered several successful ontology-based search projects.<ref name="ref_7a76e01f">[https://www.dnvgl.com/services/ontology-based-search-144551 Ontology based search]</ref>
# Applied Ontology focuses on information content in its broadest sense.<ref name="ref_ac18e6d1">[https://www.iospress.nl/journal/applied-ontology/ IOS Press]</ref>
# For example, sport teams and competitions are modelled in the Sport Ontology while, curriculum concepts and their associations are modelled in the Curriculum Ontology.<ref name="ref_f7bd0298">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/ontologies Ontologies]</ref>
# News Pilot projects are currently supported by the Storyline Ontology, built in collaboration with other news organisations.<ref name="ref_f7bd0298" />
# People, places and organisations that can be relevant to many domains are modelled in the CoreConcepts Ontology.<ref name="ref_f7bd0298" />
# The Provenance Ontology enables data to be stored in the appropriate named graphs with the necessary ownership and auditing information attached to them.<ref name="ref_f7bd0298" />
# The ontology of art considers the matter, form, and mode in which art exists.<ref name="ref_2f7d5164">[https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199279456-e-8 Ontology of Art]</ref>
# The way we categorize them depends on our interests, and to that extent ontology is not easily separated from sociology and ideology.<ref name="ref_2f7d5164" />
# Thomas A. Gruber (“A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications” – Stanford University, 1992) first defined an ontology as “an explicit specification of a conceptualization.<ref name="ref_42e6d313">[https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-vocabularies/ontologies Publications Office of the EU]</ref>
# The term is borrowed from philosophy, where an ontology is a systematic account of Existence.<ref name="ref_42e6d313" />
# This set of objects, and the describable relationships among them, are reflected in the representational vocabulary with which a knowledge-based program represents knowledge.<ref name="ref_42e6d313" />
# Thus, we can describe the ontology of a program by defining a set of representational terms.<ref name="ref_42e6d313" />
# An even more useful tool for uniting language is an ontology.<ref name="ref_32d15852">[https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/ontologies-scientific-data-sharing-made-easy-77972 Ontologies: Science Data Sharing]</ref>
# Ontologies can be created to capture anything, although a single ontology is typically limited to a single area of knowledge, such as anatomy, cellular processes, environmental factors, and so on.<ref name="ref_32d15852" />
# The PREMIS OWL ontology is an RDF encoding of that data model to provide a Linked Data-friendly data management function for a preservation repository, allowing for SPARQL querying.<ref name="ref_a0ba4e37">[http://www.loc.gov/standards/premis/ontology/ PREMIS OWL Ontology (PREMIS, Preservation Metadata Maintenance Activity, Library of Congress)]</ref>
# The PREMIS OWL Ontology Revision Working Group has released a draft revised version of the ontology based on version 3, a major update of the PREMIS data model and Data Dictionary.<ref name="ref_a0ba4e37" />
# Ontology is often considered a subset of taxonomy.<ref name="ref_3c08ce24">[https://www.dataversity.net/what-is-ontology/ What is Ontology?]</ref>
# The phenomenological ontology is divided into two: (I) Formal, and (II) Regional, or Material, Ontologies.<ref name="ref_b25cd950">[https://www.ontology.co/ Ontology: Theory and History]</ref>
# In contemporary philosophy, formal ontology has been developed in two principal ways.<ref name="ref_b25cd950" />
# Descriptive ontology concerns the collection of information about the list of objects that can be dependent or independent items (real or ideal).<ref name="ref_b25cd950" />
# Formalized ontology attempts to constructs a formal codification for the results descriptively acquired at the preceding levels.<ref name="ref_b25cd950" />
# The question asked was : What is the difference between ontology and epistemology?<ref name="ref_a61bad86">[https://www.researchgate.net/post/What-is-the-difference-between-Ontology-and-Epistomology What is the difference between Ontology and Epistomology?]</ref>
# As noted already, ontology is theory of being, and epistemology is theory of knowledge.<ref name="ref_a61bad86" />
# `An ontology may take a variety of forms, but necessarily it will include a vocabulary of terms, and some specification of their meaning.<ref name="ref_c7779414">[http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~stevensr/onto/node3.html What is an Ontology?]</ref>
# The goal is to create an agreed-upon vocabulary and semantic structure for exchanging information about that domain.<ref name="ref_c7779414" />
# Strictly speaking, an ontology should not contain any instances, because it is supposed to be a conceptualisation of the domain.<ref name="ref_c7779414" />
# The combination of an ontology with associated instances is what is known as a knowledge base.<ref name="ref_c7779414" />
# There are a great many guides to ontology, epistemology and methodology in social research and no need to refer to them all here.<ref name="ref_26c0c589">[https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/ces/research/current/socialtheory/maps/ology/ ontology]</ref>
# In simple terms, ontology seeks the classification and explanation of entities.<ref name="ref_26c0c589" />
# Ontology concerns claims about the nature of being and existence.<ref name="ref_26c0c589" />
# In the more down to earth world of social research thinking about ontology refers to beliefs about the fundamental nature of reality, in particular social reality.<ref name="ref_26c0c589" />
# An ontology is a formal description of knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships that hold between them.<ref name="ref_3e80c68e">[https://www.ontotext.com/knowledgehub/fundamentals/what-are-ontologies/ What are Ontologies?]</ref>
# In recent years, there has been an uptake of expressing ontologies using ontology languages such as the Web Ontology Language (OWL).<ref name="ref_3e80c68e" />
# By specifying both object classes and relationship properties as well as their hierarchical order, OWL enriches ontology modeling in semantic graph databases, also known as RDF triplestores.<ref name="ref_3e80c68e" />
# The adoption of ontologies helps early hypotheses testing in Pharma by categorizing identified explicit relationships to a causality relation ontology.<ref name="ref_3e80c68e" />
# In the context of computer and information sciences, an ontology defines a set of representational primitives with which to model a domain of knowledge or discourse.<ref name="ref_109b5a08">[https://link.springer.com/10.1007%2F978-0-387-39940-9_1318 Ontology]</ref>
# ‘robot-core’ is a library supporting common ontology development tasks, which we call “operations”.<ref name="ref_184ccf16">[https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12859-019-3002-3 ROBOT: A Tool for Automating Ontology Workflows]</ref>
# Most ROBOT operations package low-level functionality provided by OWL API into high-level functionality common to ontology development workflows in the OBO community.<ref name="ref_184ccf16" />
# ROBOT’s ‘diff’ functionality is used when comparing ontology files, otherwise standard file comparison is used.<ref name="ref_184ccf16" />
# Some commands are quite specialized, and most ontology projects will not make use of all of them.<ref name="ref_184ccf16" />
# Finally, this work is validated by proof of concept, by mapping the DS4IoT ontology to the NGSI-LD data model, in the frame of the IoTCrawler EU project.<ref name="ref_157b3381">[https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/3/801 Lightweight Data-Security Ontology for IoT]</ref>
# These include RDF and RDF Schemas, Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS), Web Ontology Language (OWL), and the Rule Interchange Format (RIF).<ref name="ref_69c69048">[https://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/ontology Ontologies]</ref>
# In a more complex case the application may need a more detailed ontology as part of the extra information.<ref name="ref_69c69048" />
# One way to help machines understand an abstract concept is by building an ontology, or a graph representing the knowledge of that concept.<ref name="ref_71d98cc2">[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ontology Definition of Ontology by Merriam-Webster]</ref>
# Borrowing the concepts of ontology from philosphy, new computer languages, such as OWL, have been developed in AI.<ref name="ref_71d98cc2" />
# So the five Cs was just an ontology and a way to start maybe a little bit of education with the discussion.<ref name="ref_71d98cc2" />
# Its drama of willful obliviousness is elevated, through Losey’s aesthetic, into a cinematic ontology.<ref name="ref_71d98cc2" />
# Thus ontology in philosophy focuses on the abstract essence of objective reality.<ref name="ref_e8f92472">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/ontology Ontology - an overview]</ref>
# However, a more popular definition of ontology was given by Gruber in 1993: “an ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization” (Gruber, 1993).<ref name="ref_e8f92472" />
# Then ontology was gradually formed and accepted by most scholars and engineers.<ref name="ref_e8f92472" />
# (1998) point out that the definition of ontology has four main points, i.e., conceptualization, explicit, formal, and share.<ref name="ref_e8f92472" />
# History and scope Wolff contrasted ontology, or general metaphysics, which applied to all things, with special metaphysical theories such as those of the soul, of bodies, or of God.<ref name="ref_a9d6160b">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/ontology-metaphysics Ontology | metaphysics]</ref>
# Wolff claimed that ontology was an a priori discipline that could reveal the essences of things, a view strongly criticized later in the 18th century by David Hume and Immanuel Kant.<ref name="ref_a9d6160b" />
# After renewed criticism and eclipse under the antimetaphysical movement known as logical positivism, ontology was revived in the mid-20th century by the American philosopher W.V.O. Quine.<ref name="ref_a9d6160b" />
# In general, a philosopher who believes in many fundamentally different kinds of object has a rich ontology, and one who believes in only a few kinds of object has a sparse ontology.<ref name="ref_a9d6160b" />
# In the 1980s, the AI community began to use the term ontology to refer to both a theory of a modeled world and a component of knowledge-based systems.<ref name="ref_0b10cdf6">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science) Ontology (information science)]</ref>
# An ontology is a description (like a formal specification of a program) of the concepts and relationships that can formally exist for an agent or a community of agents.<ref name="ref_0b10cdf6" />
# A domain ontology (or domain-specific ontology) represents concepts which belong to a realm of the world, such as biology or politics.<ref name="ref_0b10cdf6" />
# Each domain ontology typically models domain-specific definitions of terms.<ref name="ref_0b10cdf6" />
# Ontology is the branch of philosophy that studies concepts such as existence, being, becoming, and reality.<ref name="ref_2b9f160a">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology Wikipedia]</ref>
# They are flat because each flat ontology can be represented by a simple set containing all the entities to which this ontology is committed.<ref name="ref_2b9f160a" />
# Each polycategorical ontology posits a number of categories.<ref name="ref_2b9f160a" />
# An example of a hierarchical ontology in continental philosophy comes from Nicolai Hartmann.<ref name="ref_2b9f160a" />
# Both logic and ontology are important areas of philosophy covering large, diverse, and active research projects.<ref name="ref_e4281cb3">[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ontology/ Logic and Ontology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)]</ref>
# In the following we will first distinguish different philosophical projects that are covered under the terms ‘logic’ and ‘ontology’.<ref name="ref_e4281cb3" />
# ‘Logic’ and ‘ontology’ are big words in philosophy, and different philosophers have used them in different ways.<ref name="ref_e4281cb3" />
# We will not be able to survey the history of the different conceptions of logic, or of ontology.<ref name="ref_e4281cb3" />
# Ontology is committed to building a transparent ecosystem.<ref name="ref_73cf01d6">[https://ont.io/ A blockchain for self-sovereign ID and DATA]</ref>
===소스===
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← 이전 판		2020년 12월 26일 (토) 12:23 판
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		+	* ID : [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q324254 Q324254]

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2021년 2월 17일 (수) 08:19에 Pythagoras0님의 편집

Pythagoras0: /* 메타데이터 */ 새 문단

Pythagoras0: /* 노트 */ 새 문단