2021년 2월 17일 (수) 08:13에 Pythagoras0님의 편집

2021-02-17T08:13:30Z

Pythagoras0: /* 메타데이터 */ 새 문단

2020-12-26T12:20:29Z

메타데이터: 새 문단

Pythagoras0: /* 노트 */ 새 문단

2020-12-21T09:56:04Z

노트: 새 문단

새 문서

== 노트 ==

===위키데이터===
* ID : [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83303 Q83303]
===말뭉치===
# Photran supports Fortran 77-2008.<ref name="ref_241cfbce">[https://www.eclipse.org/photran/ Photran - An Integrated Development Environment and Refactoring Tool for Fortran]</ref>
# These lists were translated into the FORTRAN programming language so that a computer could combine them at random and print out hundreds of unique stanzas in quatrain form.<ref name="ref_151d22a0">[https://www.thefreedictionary.com/FORTRAN FORTRAN]</ref>
# Fortran 90 is a new programming language intended for use in scientific and engineering applications.<ref name="ref_d7bf985b">[http://www.aos.wisc.edu/~poker/fortran90_tutorial/02_mainf90.html Fortran 90 Tutorial]</ref>
# It is a language that has developed by the introduction of features that are new to Fortran, but are based on experience of other languages (like C and Matlab for instance).<ref name="ref_d7bf985b" />
# In Fortran 90, you can use either the Fortran 77 input format or free format.<ref name="ref_d7bf985b" />
# Modules can also be used to hide global variables, thereby making the Fortran 77 common construct outdated.<ref name="ref_d7bf985b" />
# Although you probably have never seen FORTRAN 77, I will give you a brief summary of some of the changes and obsolete features.<ref name="ref_8b1ea7ff">[https://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ceng303/manuals/fortran/FOR1_5.html 5.html]</ref>
# Keep in mind that Fortran 90 is upwardly compatible with FORTRAN 77, meaning all features present in FORTRAN 77 are present in Fortran 90.<ref name="ref_8b1ea7ff" />
# Some FORTRAN 77 features have been designated obsolete and should never be used because of better alternatives.<ref name="ref_8b1ea7ff" />
# The first, and most obvious, change from FORTRAN 77 to Fortran 90 is the conversion from fixed source code to free source.<ref name="ref_8b1ea7ff" />
# Fortran expects all arguments to be passed by reference; it expects all arguments to be addresses.<ref name="ref_ad4c75ff">[https://www.harrisgeospatial.com/docs/fortranexamples.html Fortran Examples]</ref>
# If C passes a pointer (an address) by value, Fortran will interpret it correctly as the address of an argument.<ref name="ref_ad4c75ff" />
# The example.f file contains the Fortran routine that actually sums the array.<ref name="ref_ad4c75ff" />
# In these examples, the object name of the Fortran subroutine will be sum_array1_ to match the output of the Fortran compiler.<ref name="ref_ad4c75ff" />
# Standard FORTRAN reserves two UNIT numbers for I/O to user.<ref name="ref_6a76ab5e">[https://www.oc.nps.edu/~bird/oc3030_online/fortran/io/io.html FORTRAN I]</ref>
# In Fortran Lesson 1 we briefly looked at the types of variables in Fortran.<ref name="ref_396b619d">[http://math.hawaii.edu/wordpress/fortran-3/ Department of Mathematics]</ref>
# To avoid mistakes in Fortran arithmetic you must pay close attention to rules regarding working with numbers of the various types.<ref name="ref_396b619d" />
# Whereas Basic is more lenient, allowing some flexibility in mixing variables and numbers of different types, Fortran is less forgiving and will make you pay for oversights.<ref name="ref_396b619d" />
# Anin Fortran is a whole number; it cannot contain commas or a decimal point.<ref name="ref_396b619d" />
# Fortran is one of the most widely used programming languages in science and engineering.<ref name="ref_77ac99b5">[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783540760627 Fortran 95 Language Guide]</ref>
# Fortran 90 replaced the outmoded FORTRAN 77 in 1991 and this recent version of the International Standard enhances this version.<ref name="ref_77ac99b5" />
# Gehrke has provided a comprehensive and easy-to-understand description of the Fortran 95 programming language as defined by the ISO, which will be welcomed by both practitioners and students alike.<ref name="ref_77ac99b5" />
# If you prefer using an IDE on Windows or Apple Mac, we recommend using the NAG Fortran Builder.<ref name="ref_09298a80">[https://www.nag.com/content/nag-fortran-compiler NAG Fortran Compiler]</ref>
# Fortran was original developed for scientific and engineering applications, and remains especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.<ref name="ref_e75d2b76">[https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Category:Fortran Category:Fortran]</ref>
# FORTRAN 77, being quite old, lacks almost everything one expects from a modern programming language.<ref name="ref_e75d2b76" />
# Due to its age, and since FORTRAN compilers generally gave very good performance for numerical code, a lot of code, especially scientific code, was written in FORTRAN.<ref name="ref_e75d2b76" />
# Also, for quite a while there was no free Fortran 90 compiler, which also caused a lot of FORTRAN 77 code to be written even quite some time after Fortran 90 was standardized.<ref name="ref_e75d2b76" />
# Description : FORTRAN (95/2003/2008/2013) is a modern programming language that is specifically designed for scientific and engineering applications.<ref name="ref_0877e6d0">[http://jupiter.ethz.ch/~pjt/FORTRAN/FortranClass.html Fortran Programming]</ref>
# The focus will be on Fortran 95 and its more recent extensions (2003/2008/2013), but differences to Fortran 77 will also be briefly covered for those working with already-existing codes.<ref name="ref_0877e6d0" />
# FORTRAN (95/2003/2008/2013) is a modern programming language that is specifically designed for scientific and engineering applications.<ref name="ref_0877e6d0" />
# Fortran is included in the Intel Studio XE package.<ref name="ref_0877e6d0" />
# By using the new features of Fortran 90, they define an interface to OpenGL that does not depend on any extensions to the Fortran standard and provide access to the full functionality of OpenGL.<ref name="ref_3bee0188">[https://math.nist.gov/f90gl/ f90gl: Fortran interface for OpenGL and GLUT]</ref>
# This provides the capability of robust, standard-conforming, portable user application codes, and increases the similarity between the Fortran and C interfaces to OpenGL.<ref name="ref_3bee0188" />
# Documentation for f90gl including the official Fortran 90 bindings for OpenGL, installation instructions and user's guide.<ref name="ref_3bee0188" />
# Both forms of the language name, FORTRAN and Fortran, are used.<ref name="ref_5bbb2b15">[https://www.ibiblio.org/pub/languages/fortran/ch1-1.html A brief history of FORTRAN]</ref>
# In this text, older versions (before and including 1977) of the language will be referred to as FORTRAN, post-1977 ones will be referred to as 'Fortran 90', 'Fortran 95' etc.<ref name="ref_5bbb2b15" />
# They designed an HLL that is still widely used, and an optimizing compiler that produced very efficient code, in fact the FORTRAN I compiler held the record for optimizing code for 20 years!<ref name="ref_5bbb2b15" />
# The phenomenal success of the FORTRAN I team, can be attributed in part to the friendly non-authoritative group climate.<ref name="ref_5bbb2b15" />
# Fortran codes are compiled using the PGI Fortran compiler.<ref name="ref_b340fcf8">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/fortran Fortran - an overview]</ref>
# Files with the .cuf or .CUF extension have CUDA Fortran enabled automatically, and the compiler option -Mcuda can be used in compiling files with other extensions to enable CUDA Fortran.<ref name="ref_b340fcf8" />
# In addition, because the standard PGI Fortran compiler is used, all of the features used in CPU code, such as OpenMP and SSE vectorizing features, are available for host code.<ref name="ref_b340fcf8" />
# Compilation of CUDA Fortran code can be as simple as issuing the command: Behind the scenes, a multistep process takes place.<ref name="ref_b340fcf8" />
# The original FORTRAN programs were prepared on a keypunch machine which punched holes into paper cards which had 80 characters maximum.<ref name="ref_4f597306">[http://www.math-cs.gordon.edu/courses/cs323/FORTRAN/fortran.html FORTRAN IV Reference Page]</ref>
# For this reason, lines in a FORTRAN program are often referred to as "cards.<ref name="ref_4f597306" />
# Unlike the IF statement, FORTRAN allows nesting of any number of DO loops within one another.<ref name="ref_4f597306" />
# Modularity Functions Functions may be used anywhere that an expression is expected in a FORTRAN program.<ref name="ref_4f597306" />
# If the called Fortran subprogram is a subroutine, call it from C as a function that returns a value of int (compatible to Fortran INTEGER*4 ) or void .<ref name="ref_bf3fb5aa">[https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/805-4940/6j4m1u7qn/index.html Chapter 11 C-Fortran Interface (Fortran Programming Guide)]</ref>
# A value is returned if the Fortran subroutine uses alternate returns, in which case it is the value of the expression on the RETURN statement.<ref name="ref_bf3fb5aa" />
# The tables below summarize the data sizes and default alignments for FORTRAN 77 and Fortran 90 data types.<ref name="ref_bf3fb5aa" />
# Table 11-1 shows the sizes and allowable alignments for FORTRAN 77 data types.<ref name="ref_bf3fb5aa" />
# GNU Fortran comes with NO WARRANTY , to the extent permitted by law .<ref name="ref_42e6cdf2">[http://www.coolprop.org/dev/coolprop/wrappers/FORTRAN/index.html FORTRAN Wrapper — CoolProp 6.4.2dev documentation]</ref>
# You may redistribute copies of GNU Fortran under the terms of the GNU General Public License .<ref name="ref_42e6cdf2" />
# Using the Fortran kind attribute, it is possible to declare and use data in half precision format.<ref name="ref_eecbaaa1">[https://docs.nvidia.com/hpc-sdk/compilers/cuda-fortran-prog-guide/ CUDA Fortran Programming Guide Version 20.11 for ARM, OpenPower, x86]</ref>
# Fortran is a general purpose programming language, mainly intended for mathematical computations in e.g. engineering.<ref name="ref_3ed1763a">[https://web.stanford.edu/class/me200c/tutorial_77/02_whatis.html Fortran 77 Tutorial]</ref>
# Fortran is an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, and was originally capitalized as FORTRAN.<ref name="ref_3ed1763a" />
# However, following the current trend to only capitalize the first letter in acronyms, we will call it Fortran.<ref name="ref_3ed1763a" />
# The work on Fortran started in the 1950's at IBM and there have been many versions since.<ref name="ref_3ed1763a" />
# the language Fortran 90 allows for two types of subprograms: (1) Functions, and (2) Subroutines.<ref name="ref_0ea05396">[https://web.stanford.edu/class/me200c/tutorial_90/08_subprograms.html Fortran 90 Tutorial]</ref>
# This is simiilar to the practices we have already encountered in Fortran 77.<ref name="ref_0ea05396" />
# Also, just like Fortran 77, function subprograms in Fortran 90 have an explicit type and are intended to return one value.<ref name="ref_0ea05396" />
# Because we will be focusing on external subprograms, it is essential that we make use of a feature of Fortran 90 known as the INTERFACE block.<ref name="ref_0ea05396" />
# High performance Fortran has been designed from the ground-up for computationally intensive applications in science and engineering.<ref name="ref_c2ce61f3">[https://fortran-lang.org/ Fortran Programming Language]</ref>
# Statically and strongly typed Fortran is statically and strongly typed, which allows the compiler to catch many programming errors early on for you.<ref name="ref_c2ce61f3" />
# Easy to learn and use Fortran is a relatively small language that is surprisingly easy to learn and use.<ref name="ref_c2ce61f3" />
# Versatile Fortran allows you to write code in a style that best fits your problem: Imperative, procedural, array-oriented, object-oriented, or functional.<ref name="ref_c2ce61f3" />
# In the 1950s, IBM programmer John Backus invented a programming language called Fortran.<ref name="ref_7f2db142">[https://www.informationweek.com/software/enterprise-applications/fortran-7-reasons-why-its-not-dead/d/d-id/1321174? Fortran: 7 Reasons Why Its Not Dead]</ref>
# Fortran (which started life as FORTRAN, or FORmula TRANslator) was first created by IBM programmer John Backus in 1950.<ref name="ref_7f2db142" />
# Of course, if the strength of Fortran was in the power of its mathematical processing, its weakness was actually getting data into and out of the program.<ref name="ref_7f2db142" />
# So how can you get your hands on Fortran?<ref name="ref_7f2db142" />
# The following Fortran code examples or sample programs show different situations depending on the compiler.<ref name="ref_49c2e1b1">[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fortran/Fortran_examples Wikibooks, open books for an open world]</ref>
# The remaining examples can be compiled and run with any newer standard Fortran compiler (see the end of the main Fortran article for lists of compilers).<ref name="ref_49c2e1b1" />
# If errors are produced when you compile your FORTRAN code, first check the column alignment.<ref name="ref_49c2e1b1" />
# A retro example of a FORTRAN IV (later evolved into FORTRAN 66) program deck is available on the IBM 1130 page, including the IBM 1130 DM2 JCL required for compilation and execution.<ref name="ref_49c2e1b1" />
# F90 Specifies the entry point for a Fortran 90/95 module program unit.<ref name="ref_a80ec3c2">[https://www.pgroup.com/resources/docs/20.4/x86/fortran-ref-guide/index.htm PGI Fortran Reference Manual Version 20.4 for x86 and NVIDIA Processors]</ref>
# Fortran liberated computers from the exclusive realm of programmers and opened them to nearly everybody else.<ref name="ref_fa088396">[https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/fortran/ FORTRAN]</ref>
# For the first time, Fortran made code comprehensible to people with expertise in fields other than computing, opening programming to mathematicians and scientists.<ref name="ref_fa088396" />
# Someone who knew high school algebra but nothing about computers could probably figure out Fortran statements.<ref name="ref_fa088396" />
# Fortran began the process of abstracting software from the hardware on which it ran.<ref name="ref_fa088396" />
# The creation of FORTRAN, which debuted in 1957, marked a significant stage in the development of computer-programming languages.<ref name="ref_c42cadeb">[https://www.britannica.com/technology/FORTRAN FORTRAN | computer language]</ref>
# FORTRAN enabled the rapid writing of computer programs that ran nearly as efficiently as programs that had been laboriously hand coded in machine language.<ref name="ref_c42cadeb" />
# By allowing the creation of natural-language programs that ran as efficiently as hand-coded ones, FORTRAN became the programming language of choice in the late 1950s.<ref name="ref_c42cadeb" />
# FORTRAN 77 was released in 1978, followed by FORTRAN 90 in 1991 and further updates in 1996 and 2004.<ref name="ref_c42cadeb" />
# The FORTRAN programming language was conceived in the early 1950s the name produced from the two words FORmula TRANslation.<ref name="ref_ac8bdc4e">[http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/fortran/fortran1.html Programming in FORTRAN]</ref>
# Revision of the language led to FORTRAN 77, the language we use today.<ref name="ref_ac8bdc4e" />
# FORTRAN was designed for scientists and engineers, and has dominated this field.<ref name="ref_ac8bdc4e" />
# The Fortran Wiki is an open venue for discussing all aspects of the Fortran programming language and scientific computing.<ref name="ref_84a64e39">[http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/HomePage Fortran Wiki]</ref>
# The purpose of the GNU Fortran (GFortran) project is to develop the Fortran compiler front end and run-time libraries for GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection.<ref name="ref_284deab0">[https://gcc.gnu.org/fortran/ Free Software Foundation (FSF)]</ref>
# In particular, the project wishes to reach users of the Fortran language, be it in the scientific community, education, or commercial environments.<ref name="ref_284deab0" />
# The GFortran compiler is fully compliant with the Fortran 95 Standard and includes legacy F77 support.<ref name="ref_284deab0" />
# In addition, a significant number of Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 features are implemented.<ref name="ref_284deab0" />
# The Fortran Company is devoted to Fortran programming.<ref name="ref_4041a7bb">[https://www.fortran.com/ The Fortran Company]</ref>
# This site will bring you the latest news, technical tips, programming hints, and product reviews in Fortran and scientific computing.<ref name="ref_4041a7bb" />
# We look forward to building a community of Fortran programmers!<ref name="ref_4041a7bb" />
# Fortran is a computer programming language that is extensively used in numerical, scientific computing.<ref name="ref_70d37177">[https://ourcodingclub.github.io/tutorials/fortran-intro/ Introduction to Fortran]</ref>
# Fortran is a compiled language, or more specifically it is compiled ahead-of-time.<ref name="ref_70d37177" />
# Fortran has outlived several nation states since its conception, and still is in wide use today in a number of specialised scientific communities.<ref name="ref_70d37177" />
# Unfortunately Fortran is often referred to as an ‘outdated’ or ‘legacy’ programming language.<ref name="ref_70d37177" />
# The capitalization has been dropped in referring to newer versions beginning with Fortran 90.<ref name="ref_bcd79469">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran Wikipedia]</ref>
# Significantly, the increasing popularity of FORTRAN spurred competing computer manufacturers to provide FORTRAN compilers for their machines, so that by 1963 over 40 FORTRAN compilers existed.<ref name="ref_bcd79469" />
# The first FORTRAN compiler reported diagnostic information by halting the program when an error was found and outputting an error code on its console.<ref name="ref_bcd79469" />
# Early FORTRAN compilers supported no recursion in subroutines.<ref name="ref_bcd79469" />
# implicit none fixes an old, very bad misfeature of FORTRAN 77.<ref name="ref_ecbc1ebb">[http://www.icl.utk.edu/~mgates3/docs/fortran.html Fortran 90 reference]</ref>
# See the Fortran 77 standard and Fortran bug bites.<ref name="ref_ecbc1ebb" />
# Fortran has 2 types of procedures: functions, which return a value (and usually should not modify their arguments), and subroutines, which presumably modify their arguments or have other side effects.<ref name="ref_ecbc1ebb" />
# Unlike C and C++, Fortran can handle returning arrays and composite types with no difficulty.<ref name="ref_ecbc1ebb" />
===소스===
<references />

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 * ID :  [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83303 Q83303]

← 이전 판		2020년 12월 26일 (토) 12:20 판
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		+	* ID : [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83303 Q83303]

포트란 - 편집 역사

2021년 2월 17일 (수) 08:13에 Pythagoras0님의 편집

Pythagoras0: /* 메타데이터 */ 새 문단

Pythagoras0: /* 노트 */ 새 문단