"Talk on Gross-Keating invariants"의 두 판 사이의 차이
imported>Pythagoras0 |
imported>Pythagoras0 |
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260번째 줄: | 260번째 줄: | ||
===Siegel-Weil formula=== | ===Siegel-Weil formula=== | ||
− | * message : do not study a single form. | + | * message : do not study a single form. consider all forms in its genus |
− | + | ;def (genus of an integral quadratic form) | |
− | ;def genus of an integral quadratic form | ||
For $Q$, ${\rm gen}(Q)$ is the set of $\Z$-equivalence classes of quadratic forms that are $\Z_p$-equivalent to $Q$ at all $p$ (including $p=\infty$) | For $Q$, ${\rm gen}(Q)$ is the set of $\Z$-equivalence classes of quadratic forms that are $\Z_p$-equivalent to $Q$ at all $p$ (including $p=\infty$) | ||
− | When $Q$ is positive definite, | + | When $Q$ is positive definite, ${\rm gen}(Q)$ is a finite set. |
;example | ;example | ||
$f_1(x,y) =x^2+82y^2$ and $f_2(x,y) =2x^2+41y^2$ are $\Zp$-equivalent for all $p$ , but not $\Z$-equivalent | $f_1(x,y) =x^2+82y^2$ and $f_2(x,y) =2x^2+41y^2$ are $\Zp$-equivalent for all $p$ , but not $\Z$-equivalent | ||
271번째 줄: | 270번째 줄: | ||
;thm (Siegel) | ;thm (Siegel) | ||
− | For a positive definite quadratic form $Q$ | + | For a positive definite quadratic form $Q$ over $\Z$, |
− | $$\left( \sum_{M\in {\rm gen}(Q)}\frac{\theta_M | + | $$\left( \sum_{M\in {\rm gen}(Q)}\frac{\theta_M(\tau)}{|{\rm Aut}(M)|}\right)\,\cdot\, |
\left(\sum_{M\in {\rm gen}(Q)}\frac{1}{|{\rm Aut}(M)|}\right)^{-1}= | \left(\sum_{M\in {\rm gen}(Q)}\frac{1}{|{\rm Aut}(M)|}\right)^{-1}= | ||
− | E_{ | + | E_{Q}(\tau),$$ i.e. |
− | + | * the Eisenstein part $E_{Q}$ of $\theta_Q$ only depends only on ${\rm gen}(Q)$ and the weighted average of theta functions kills the cusp form | |
− | Moreover, the Fourier coefficients $a_{E}( | + | Moreover, the Fourier coefficients $a_{E}(Q)$ of $E$ can be expressed as an infinite product of [[Local density of quadratic form|local densities]] |
$$ | $$ | ||
a_{E}(N)=\prod_{p:\text{primes}}\beta_{L,p}(N) \label{lp} | a_{E}(N)=\prod_{p:\text{primes}}\beta_{L,p}(N) \label{lp} |
2018년 11월 12일 (월) 23:17 판
overview
- The Gross-Keating invariant of a quadratic form over p-adic integers is a relatively recent but fundamental concept in the study of quadratic forms
- binary quadratic forms and class number relations
- representation of integers by quadratic forms
- a computer program that computes the Gross-Keating invariant of a quadratic form over Zp
$
\newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb Z}
\newcommand{\Zn}{\Z_{\geq 0}^n}
\newcommand{\Zp}{\mathbb {Z}_p}
\newcommand{\matn}{\calh_n(\frko)^{\rm nd}}
\def\Zmat#1{\calh_{#1}(\Z)^{\rm nd}}
\def\mat#1#2{\calh_{#1}(\Z_{#2})^{\rm nd}}
\newcommand{\ord}{\mathrm{ord}}
\newcommand{\calh}{\mathcal H}
\newcommand{\frko}{\mathfrak o}
\newcommand{\GL}{{\mathrm{GL}}}
\newcommand{\GK}{\mathrm{GK}}
\newcommand{\vep}{\varepsilon}
\newcommand{\intmult}{(T_{m_1} \cdot T_{m_2}\cdot T_{m_3})_{S}}
\newcommand{\Qp}{\mathbb {Q}_p}
\newcommand{\diag}{\mathrm{diag}}
\def\sym#1{{\rm Sym}_n(#1)}
\newcommand\supparen[1]{^{(#1)}}
\newcommand\Egk{E_k\supparen g}
\newcommand\GLnZ{\GL n\Z}
\newcommand\Xgsemi{\siX g^{\rm semi}}
\newcommand\fc[2]{a(#1;#2)}
\newcommand\e{\operatorname{e}}
\newcommand\ip[2]{\langle #1,#2\rangle}
\newcommand\siX[1]{{\mathcal X}_{#1}}
\newcommand\Xn{\siX n}
\newcommand\Xm{\siX m}
\newcommand\Xg{\siX g}
\newcommand\Xnsemi{\siX n^{\rm semi}}
\newcommand\Xgsemi{\siX g^{\rm semi}}
\newcommand\Xtwo{\siX 2^{\rm semi}}
\newcommand\hh[1]{\mathbb{H}_{#1}}
$
Gross-Keating invariant
- Let $p\in \Z_{\geq 0}$ be a prime, $F=\Qp$, and $\frko=\Zp$ its ring of integers.
- For $a\in F^\times$, we write $\ord(a)=n$ if $a\in p^n \frko^\times$, and call it the valuation of $a$, and set $\ord(0)=\infty$.
- $B=(b_{ij})\in \sym{F}$ is half-integral if $2b_{ij}\in \frko$, and $b_{ii}\in \frko$ for any $i,j$
- $\matn$ : set of non-degenerate half-integral symmetric matrix of degree $n$
- For $B\in \matn$, we write $\deg(B)=n$.
- When there exists $U\in\GL_n(R)$ such that $B' = U^{t}BU$ for $B,B'\in\matn$, we say they are $R$-equivalent and write $B\sim_{R} B'$.
definition
Let $B=(b_{ij})\in\calh_n(\frko)^{\rm nd}$. Let $S(B)$ be the set of all non-decreasing sequences $(a_1, \dots, a_n)\in\Zn$ such that \begin{align*} &\ord(b_{ii})\geq a_i \qquad\qquad\qquad\quad (1\leq i\leq n), \\ &\ord(2 b_{ij})\geq (a_i+a_j)/2 \qquad\; (1\leq i\leq j\leq n), \end{align*} and $S(\{B\}):=\bigcup_{U\in\GL_n(\frko)} S(U^{t}BU)$. The Gross-Keating invariant $\GK(B)=(a_1, \dots, a_n)$ of $B$ is defined by \begin{align*} a_1&=\max_{(y_1, \dots)\in S(\{B\})} \,y_1, \\ a_2&=\max_{(a_1, y_2, \dots)\in S(\{B\})}\, y_2, \\ &\dots \\ a_n&=\max_{(a_1, a_2, \dots, a_{n-1}, y_n)\in S(\{B\})}\, y_n. \end{align*}
history
- introduced by Gross-Keating for $n=3$ in the study of arithmetic intersection number of three modular correspondences
- generalized by Ikdea-Katsurada for arbitary $n$ and any finite extension of $\Zp$
binary quadratic forms and class number relations
integral binary quadratic forms
- $Q=[A,B,C]=Ax^2+Bxy+Cy^2$ : positive definite binary quadratic form over $\Z$
- $Q$ is primitive if $A,B,C$ is coprime
- discriminant of Q : $\Delta=B^2-4AC$
- $\mathcal{Q}_d=\{Q:B^2-4AC=-d\}$
- $\mathcal{Q}_{d;prim}=\{Q\in \mathcal{Q}_d:\text{primitive}\}$
- $\Gamma=PSL(2,\mathbb{Z})$ acts on $\mathcal{Q}_d$ : $Q\mapsto Q'$ by $Q'(x,y)=Q(ax+by,cx+dy)$, in matrix form,
$$ \left( \begin{array}{cc} A & \frac{B}{2} \\ \frac{B}{2} & C \\ \end{array} \right) \mapsto \left( \begin{array}{cc} a & b \\ c & d \\ \end{array} \right)^t\left( \begin{array}{cc} A & \frac{B}{2} \\ \frac{B}{2} & C \\ \end{array} \right)\left( \begin{array}{cc} a & b \\ c & d \\ \end{array} \right) $$
- for each $Q$, let $w_{Q}$ be the size of stabilizers
- $w_Q=2$ if $Q\sim [a,0,a]$
- $w_Q=3$ if $Q\sim [a,a,a]$
- $w_Q=1$ otherwiser
- def (class number and Hurwitz-Kronecer class number)
For pos. int. $d>0$, define $$h_{d;prim}:=\sum_{Q\in \mathcal{Q}_{d;prim}/\Gamma} 1$$
$$h_d:=\sum_{Q\in \mathcal{Q}_d/\Gamma} \frac{1}{w_Q}$$
- we set $h_0=-1/12$
\begin{array}{cccccccccccccc} d & 0 & 3 & 4 & 7 & 8 & 11 & 12 & 15 & 16 & 19 & 20 & 23 & 24 \\ h_{d;prim} & . & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 2 \\ h_d & -\frac{1}{12} & \frac{1}{3} & \frac{1}{2} & 1 & 1 & 1 & \frac{4}{3} & 2 & \frac{3}{2} & 1 & 2 & 3 & 2 \\ \end{array}
j-invariant
- $q=e^{2\pi i\tau},\tau\in \mathbb{H}$
- j-invariant
- $
j(\tau)= {E_ 4(\tau)^3\over \Delta(\tau)}=q^{-1}+744+196884q+21493760q^2+\cdots $ where
- $ E_ 4(\tau)=1+240\sum_{n>0}\sigma_3(n)q^n= 1+240q+2160q^2+\cdots,\quad \sigma_3(n)=\sum_{d|n}d^3$
- $\Delta(\tau)= q\prod_{n>0}(1-q^n)^{24}= q-24q+252q^2+\cdots$
- Eisenstein series
$$ E_{2k}(\tau)=1+\frac {2}{\zeta(1-2k)}\left(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sigma_{2k-1}(n)q^{n} \right) $$ $$ E_{12}(\tau) =1+ \frac{65520 q}{691}+\frac{134250480 q^2}{691}+\dots $$
class polynomials
- Let $Q=[a,b,c]$ be primitive of discriminant $-d$, and $\tau_Q = \frac{-B+\sqrt{B^2-4AC}}{2A}\in \mathbb{H}$
- thm
$j(\tau_Q)$ is an algebraic integer with minimal polynomial $$ H_d(x) = \prod_{Q\in \mathcal{Q}_{d;\rm{prim}}/\Gamma}(x-j(\tau_Q))\in \Z[x] $$ In particular, $h_d=1$, then $j(\tau_Q)\in \mathbb{Z}$.
- $\Delta =-163$; $h_{163}=1$
$$j(\frac {-1+\sqrt{-163}} {2})=-262537412640768000=-640320^3$$
- $\Delta =-23$; $h_{23}=3$
$$ x^2+xy+6y^2, 2x^2-xy+3y^2, 2x^2+xy+3y^2 $$ $$ j\left(\frac{1}{2} \left(-1+i \sqrt{23}\right)\right),j\left(\frac{1}{4} \left(1+i \sqrt{23}\right)\right),j\left(\frac{1}{4} \left(-1+i \sqrt{23}\right)\right)$$ $$ H_{23}(x) = x^3+3491750 x^2-5151296875 x+12771880859375 $$
modular polynomials
- Let $m$ be a positive integer
- there exists $\phi_m(x,y)\in{\mathbb{Z}}[x,y]$ such that
$$\prod_{ad=m,1\leq b \leq d}(x-j(\frac{a\tau+b}{d}))=\phi_m(x,j(\tau))$$
- as a polynomial in $x$, $\deg \phi_m(x,y)=\sigma_1(m)=\sum_{d|m}d$
- examples
- $m=1$, $\phi_1(x,y)=x-y$
- $m=2$
$$ \phi_2(x,y)=x^3+y^3-x^2 y^2+1488 (x^2 y + x y^2)-162000 (x^2+y^2) +40773375 x y+8748000000 (x + y)-157464000000000 $$
- $m=3$
$$ \begin{aligned} \phi_3(x,y) =x^4+x^3 \left(-y^3+2232 y^2-1069956 y+36864000\right)+\dots \end{aligned} $$
- $m=4$
$$ \phi_4(x,y) = x^7+x^6 \left(-y^4+2976 y^3-2533680 y^2+561444610 y-8507430000\right)+\dots $$
- we are interested in $F_m(x):=\phi_m(x,x)\in \Z[x]$ :
$$ F_1(x)=0 $$ $$ F_2(x) = -(-1728 + x)(3375 + x)^2(-8000 + x) = -H_{4}(d)H_{7}(x)^2H_{8}(x) $$ $$ F_3(x) = -x(-8000 + x)^2 (32768 + x)^2(-54000 + x) = - H_3(x)H_{8}(x)^2H_{11}(x)^2H_{12}(x) $$
- if $m$ is not a perfect square, $F_m(x)$ is non-zero.
- Hurwitz calculated its degree :
$$\deg F_m(x)= \sum_{d|m}\max(d,m/d)$$
- Kronecker gave its explicit factorization in terms of class polynomials:
$$ F_m(x) =\pm \prod_{t\in \Z,t^2 \leq 4m}\mathcal{H}_{4m − t^2}(x) $$ where $$ \mathcal{H}_d(x) = \prod_{Q\in \Gamma\backslash \mathcal{Q}_d}(x-j(\tau_Q))^{1/w_{Q}} $$
- it can be written as a product of class polynomials $H_d(x)$'s with known exponents.
- thm (Kronecker-Hurwitz class number relation)
If $m$ is not a perfect square, then $$ \sum_{d|m}\max(d,m/d) = \sum_{t\in \Z,t^2 \leq 4m}h_{4m − t^2} $$
- this is surprising ; class numbers with different discriminants have a linear relation!
arithmetic intersection number
- Let $m_1,m_2,m_3$ be positive integers
- thm (Gross-Keating)
- The cardinality of the quotient ring $A=\Z[X,Y]/(\phi_{m_1},\phi_{m_2},\phi_{m_3})$ is finite if and only if there is no positive definite binary quadratic form $a x^2+bxy+cy^2$ with $a,b,c\in \Z$ which represents the three integers $m_1,m_2,m_3$.
- Assume that $m_1,m_2,m_3$ satisfy this condition. Let $\log \#A=\sum_{p}n(p)\log p$. Then $n(p)=0$ for $p>4m_1m_2m_3$. For $p\leq 4m_1m_2m_3$,
$$ n(p) = \frac{1}{2}\sum_{Q}\left(\prod_{l\mid \Delta,\, l\neq p} \beta_l(Q) \right)\cdot \alpha_p(Q). $$
- Here $\Delta = 4\det Q\in \Z$ and the sum is over all positive definite non-degenerate half-integral matrices $Q$ over $\Z$ with diagonal $(m_1,m_2,m_3)$ which are isotropic over $\Q_{l}$ for all $l\neq p$ and anisotropic over $\Qp$
- $\alpha_p(Q)$ and $\beta_p(Q)$ are given explicitly in terms of $GK(Q)=(a_1,a_2,a_3)$, in which $Q$ is regarded as an element $\mat{3}{p}$. For example,
If $a_1\not\equiv a_2 \pmod 2$, $$ \alpha_p(Q) = \sum_{i=0}^{a_1-1} (i+1) (a_1+a_2+a_3-3 i)p^i +\sum _{i=a_1}^{(a_1+a_2-1)/2} (a_1+1) (2a_1+a_2+a_3-4i)p^i. $$ $$ \beta_p(Q) = \sum _{i=0}^{a_1-1} 2(i+1)p^i +\sum _{i=a_1}^{(a_1+a_2-2)/2} 2(a_1+1)p^i. $$
- Let $S=\mathrm{Spec}\, \Z[X,Y]$ and $T_m$ be the divisor on $S$ corresponding to $\phi_m$. $\intmult$ is called the arithmetic intersection number.
representation of a number by a form
representation of a number by a form
- Let $Q$ be a positive definite integral quadratic form in $n$ variables, i.e. $Q(X) = X^t A_{Q} X$ for some positive definite half-integral symmetric square matrix $A_{Q}$
- $r(Q, m)$ : number of $X\in \Z^n$ such that $Q(X) = m$
- theta function of $Q$
$$ \theta_Q(\tau)=\sum_{m=0}^\infty r(Q, m)q^{m}=\sum_{X\in\Z^n}q^{Q(X)} $$ where $q=e^{2\pi i \tau}$
- thm
For simplicity assume that $n$ is even. For $\begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pmatrix}\in SL_2(\Z)$ with $c|N$, $$ \theta_Q\left(\frac{a\tau+b}{c\tau+d}\right) = \left(\frac{(-1)^{n/2}\det(Q)}{d}\right)(c\tau+d)^{n/2}\theta_Q(\tau) $$ i.e., $\theta_Q$ is a modular form of weight $n/2$ with a Dirichlet character w.r.t. $\Gamma_0(N)$
- what is $N$?
- what is $\det Q$?
- vector space of modular forms with given weight, level, character = (space of Eisenstein series) + (space of cusp forms)
- $\theta_Q(\tau) = E_Q(\tau)+C_Q(\tau)$
- $r(Q, m)$ = Fourier coefficient of $E_Q(\tau)$ + Fourier coefficient of $C_Q(\tau)$ (dominant term + error term)
Siegel-Weil formula
- message : do not study a single form. consider all forms in its genus
- def (genus of an integral quadratic form)
For $Q$, ${\rm gen}(Q)$ is the set of $\Z$-equivalence classes of quadratic forms that are $\Z_p$-equivalent to $Q$ at all $p$ (including $p=\infty$)
When $Q$ is positive definite, ${\rm gen}(Q)$ is a finite set.
- example
$f_1(x,y) =x^2+82y^2$ and $f_2(x,y) =2x^2+41y^2$ are $\Zp$-equivalent for all $p$ , but not $\Z$-equivalent
- thm (Siegel)
For a positive definite quadratic form $Q$ over $\Z$, $$\left( \sum_{M\in {\rm gen}(Q)}\frac{\theta_M(\tau)}{|{\rm Aut}(M)|}\right)\,\cdot\, \left(\sum_{M\in {\rm gen}(Q)}\frac{1}{|{\rm Aut}(M)|}\right)^{-1}= E_{Q}(\tau),$$ i.e.
- the Eisenstein part $E_{Q}$ of $\theta_Q$ only depends only on ${\rm gen}(Q)$ and the weighted average of theta functions kills the cusp form
Moreover, the Fourier coefficients $a_{E}(Q)$ of $E$ can be expressed as an infinite product of local densities $$ a_{E}(N)=\prod_{p:\text{primes}}\beta_{L,p}(N) \label{lp} $$
representation of a form by a form
- Let $A$ and $B$ be half-integral symmetric square matrices over $\Z$ of size $m$ and $n$, respectively.
- Define $r(A,B)$ to be the number of $m \times n$ integral matrices $X$ such that $X^t A X = B$.
- If $A$ is positive-definite, then $r(M,\cdot)$ is finite.
- $r(A,A)$ gives the size of the automorphism group of $M$.
Local density and Siegel series
Siegel modular forms
A Siegel modular form $f$ of genus $g$ has an expansion of the form $$f(Z)=\sum_{T\in \Xgsemi}a(T;f)\e(\ip TZ)$$ where $\e(\ip TZ):=\exp\left(2\pi i \operatorname{Tr}(TZ)\right)$ and $\Xgsemi$ denotes the set of half-integral positive semi-definite symmetric $g\times g$ matrices. }
- example Fourier expansion in genus 2
Let $f$ be a Siegel modular form of genus 2 and consider its Fourier expansion $$f(Z)=\sum_{T\in \Xtwo}a(T;f)\e(\ip TZ).$$
For $ T=\begin{pmatrix}a & b/2 \\ b/2 & c \\\end{pmatrix} \in \Xtwo $ and $ Z=\begin{pmatrix}\tau_1 & z \\ z & \tau_2 \\\end{pmatrix}\in \hh{2} $, $$ \operatorname{Tr}(T Z)=a \tau_1+b z+c \tau_2. $$
If we set $q_i=e^{2\pi i \tau_i}$, $\zeta=e^{2\pi i z}$, then $$ \e(\ip TZ)=\exp\left(2\pi i \operatorname{Tr}(T Z)\right)=q_1^a\zeta^bq_2^c $$ and thus, $$f(Z)=\sum_{T\in \Xtwo}a(T;f)q_1^a\zeta^bq_2^c.$$
Fourier coefficients of Siegel-Eisenstein series
The Eisenstein series of weight $k$ (even) and genus $g$ is $$ \Egk(Z) = \sum_{\tiny{\begin{pmatrix}A & B \\ C & D \\\end{pmatrix}}\in \Gamma_{g,0}\backslash \Gamma_{g}} \frac{1}{\det(CZ +D)^{k}}, $$ where $$ \Gamma_{g,0}=\{\begin{pmatrix}A & B \\ 0 & D \\\end{pmatrix}\in \Gamma_{g}\}. $$ In other words, the summation is over all classes of coprime symmetric pairs $(C,D)$. % (the summation extends over all classes of coprime symmetric pairs, i. e. over all inequivalent bottom rows of elements of $\Gamma_g$ with respect to left multiplications by unimodular integer matrices of degree $g$. In other words, the sum is over a full set of representatives for the cosets $\GLnZ\backslash \Gamma_{g}$)
The Eisenstein series $\Egk(Z)$ is a Siegel modular form of weight $k$ and of genus $g$. }
Consider the Fourier expansion of $\Egk(Z)$ : $$ \Egk(Z)=\sum_{T\in\Xgsemi}\fc T{\Egk}\,\e(\ip TZ). $$
- thm (Kitaoka?)
check the condition on $k$ and $g$ for the formula
Assume that $k>g$. For non-degenerate $T\in\Xgsemi$, $$ \fc T\Egk= \dfrac{2^{\lfloor \frac{g+1}{2} \rfloor} \prod_{p}F_p(T,p^{k-g-1})} {\zeta(1-k)\prod_{i=1}^{\lfloor g/2\rfloor}\zeta(1-2k+2i)} \cdot\begin{cases} L_{D_T}(1-k+g/2)&\text{$g$ even},\\ 1&\text{$g$ odd} \end{cases} $$ where $F_p(T,X)\in \Z[X]$ depending only on the $\Zp$-class of $T$. The product is over all primes $p\mid2\det(2T)$.
- Talk on Siegel theta series and modular forms
- Fourier coefficients of Siegel-Eisenstein series
- Gross-Keating invariants of a quadratic form
- Siegel-Weil formula
- Local density of quadratic form
- Local Siegel series and Katsurada Fp polynomial
- 틀:수학노트
- 틀:수학노트
- 틀:수학노트
- 틀:수학노트