"암호학"의 두 판 사이의 차이

수학노트
둘러보기로 가기 검색하러 가기
(새 문서: * Elias, Yara, Kristin E. Lauter, Ekin Ozman, and Katherine E. Stange. “Ring-LWE Cryptography for the Number Theorist.” arXiv:1508.01375 [cs, Math], August 6, 2015. http://arxiv.o...)
 
 
(같은 사용자의 중간 판 4개는 보이지 않습니다)
1번째 줄: 1번째 줄:
 +
==개요==
 +
* 암호학은 정보를 의도하지 않은 수신자가 이해할 수 없는 형태로 변환하여 정보를 안전하게 유지하는 과학이다.
 +
* 암호학은 현대의 통신환경에서 필수적이다.
 +
* 공개 키 암호화는 모든 시민에게 강력한 암호화를 사용할 수 있게 해주는 기술이다.
 +
 +
 +
==메모==
 
* Elias, Yara, Kristin E. Lauter, Ekin Ozman, and Katherine E. Stange. “Ring-LWE Cryptography for the Number Theorist.” arXiv:1508.01375 [cs, Math], August 6, 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.01375.
 
* Elias, Yara, Kristin E. Lauter, Ekin Ozman, and Katherine E. Stange. “Ring-LWE Cryptography for the Number Theorist.” arXiv:1508.01375 [cs, Math], August 6, 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.01375.
 +
 +
 +
== 노트 ==
 +
 +
* In all cases, cryptography, the coding enabling information to be kept secret, was flawed or missing.<ref name="ref_367a">[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cryptography Definition of Cryptography by Merriam-Webster]</ref>
 +
* For years online security has focused on hard technical problems: Fixing software bugs or concealing data with cryptography.<ref name="ref_367a" />
 +
* When you hear the word "cryptography," your brain probably jumps to someone sitting in a dark room staring at lines of code.<ref name="ref_927f">[https://interestingengineering.com/what-is-cryptography What is Cryptography?]</ref>
 +
* Secret key cryptography uses one key across both the sending encryption and the receiver's decryption.<ref name="ref_927f" />
 +
* Public Key Cryptography allows for the use of two keys, which are different for the sender and receiver.<ref name="ref_927f" />
 +
* Drawing back to the question at hand, what is cryptography, the answer is fairly simple.<ref name="ref_927f" />
 +
* Asymmetric encryption (or public-key cryptography) uses a separate key for encryption and decryption.<ref name="ref_9581">[https://www.digicert.com/faq/ssl-cryptography.htm All about SSL Cryptography]</ref>
 +
* Today, cryptography is used to protect digital data.<ref name="ref_c0bd">[https://techterms.com/definition/cryptography Cryptography Definition]</ref>
 +
* An example of basic cryptography is a encrypted message in which letters are replaced with other characters.<ref name="ref_c0bd" />
 +
* Therefore, modern cryptography involves developing encryption methods that are difficult for even supercomputers to break.<ref name="ref_c0bd" />
 +
* The OECD Recommendation Concerning Guidelines for Cryptography Policy were adopted on 27 March 1997.<ref name="ref_aad4">[https://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/guidelinesforcryptographypolicy.htm OECD Guidelines for Cryptography Policy]</ref>
 +
* However, the widespread use of cryptography raises a number of important issues.<ref name="ref_aad4" />
 +
* Traditionally, cryptography was most often used only by governments.<ref name="ref_aad4" />
 +
* Effective cryptography is an essential tool in a network environment for addressing these concerns.<ref name="ref_aad4" />
 +
* Cryptography uses two main styles or forms of encrypting data; symmetrical and asymmetrical.<ref name="ref_054d">[https://www.barcodesinc.com/articles/cryptography2.htm Barcodes Inc.]</ref>
 +
* A key tool to secure the confidentiality of electronic communications is encryption or cryptography.<ref name="ref_a35a">[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cryptography meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary]</ref>
 +
* In other words cryptography can be used as an electronic signature.<ref name="ref_a35a" />
 +
* Public-key cryptography is typically based on mathematical problems that are relatively easy to perform but cannot be easily reversed.<ref name="ref_5cbe">[https://docs.aws.amazon.com/ko_kr/crypto/latest/userguide/concepts-algorithms.html AWS cryptography services]</ref>
 +
* "The Joy of Cryptography" is a silly title, but all the sensible titles were already taken.<ref name="ref_8947">[https://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~rosulekm/crypto/ The Joy of Cryptography]</ref>
 +
* It was at least better than "You Can't Spell Cryptography without Cry".<ref name="ref_8947" />
 +
* Cryptography is the art and science of keeping information secure from unintended audiences, of encrypting it.<ref name="ref_bb58">[https://www.laits.utexas.edu/~anorman/BUS.FOR/course.mat/SSim/history.html Cryptography Defined]</ref>
 +
* Public key cryptography adds a very significant benefit - it can serve to authenticate a source (e.g. a digital signature).<ref name="ref_bb58" />
 +
* Public key cryptography was invented by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1975.<ref name="ref_bb58" />
 +
* Provides a Cryptography Next Generation (CNG) implementation of the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) algorithm.<ref name="ref_4d87">[https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.security.cryptography System.Security.Cryptography Namespace]</ref>
 +
* TripleDESCng Provides a Cryptography Next Generation (CNG) implementation of the Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES) algorithm.<ref name="ref_4d87" />
 +
* The second phase, the mechanization of cryptography, began shortly after World War I and continues even today.<ref name="ref_1197">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/cryptology/History-of-cryptology Cryptology - History of cryptology]</ref>
 +
* It is tempting to equate this phase with the appearance of public-key cryptography, but that is too narrow a view.<ref name="ref_1197" />
 +
* It could be said that cryptography, or the art of secret writing, was born with writing itself.<ref name="ref_f499">[http://www.fgcsic.es/lychnos/en_en/articles/cryptography_if_it_didnt_exist_we_would_have_to_invent_it Cryptography: if it didn’t exist, we would have to invent it]</ref>
 +
* The world we know today would be impossible without cryptography.<ref name="ref_f499" />
 +
* For this reason, public-key cryptography is also known as asymmetric cryptography.<ref name="ref_f499" />
 +
* None of these marvels would be possible without cryptography.<ref name="ref_f499" />
 +
* As of Android 9 (API level 28), the Crypto Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) provider has been removed.<ref name="ref_fb58">[https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/security/cryptography Android Developers]</ref>
 +
* Public key encryption is a technological revolution offering every citizen the opportunity to use robust cryptography.<ref name="ref_fb74">[https://www.cases.lu/knowhow/glossary/Cryptography.html Cryptography]</ref>
 +
* Cryptography techniques Cryptography is closely related to the disciplines of cryptology and cryptanalysis.<ref name="ref_785c">[https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/cryptography Definition from WhatIs.com]</ref>
 +
* However, cryptography makes it harder for attackers to access messages and data protected by encryption algorithms.<ref name="ref_785c" />
 +
* Cryptography is the science of keeping information secure by transforming it into form that unintended recipients cannot understand.<ref name="ref_3a93">[https://www.csoonline.com/article/3583976/what-is-cryptography-how-algorithms-keep-information-secret-and-safe.html What is cryptography? How algorithms keep information secret and safe]</ref>
 +
* Encryption is an important part of cryptography, but doesn't encompass the entire science.<ref name="ref_3a93" />
 +
* For most of history, cryptography consisted of various substitution ciphers deployed to keep government and military communications secure.<ref name="ref_3a93" />
 +
* In fact, the development of computers and advances in cryptography went hand in hand.<ref name="ref_3a93" />
 +
* Cryptography is associated with the process of converting ordinary plain text into unintelligible text and vice-versa.<ref name="ref_87e0">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/cryptography What is Cryptography? Definition of Cryptography, Cryptography Meaning]</ref>
 +
* Symmetric-key Cryptography: Both the sender and receiver share a single key.<ref name="ref_87e0" />
 +
* In Public-Key Cryptography two related keys (public and private key) are used.<ref name="ref_87e0" />
 +
* With symmetric cryptography, the same key is used for both encryption and decryption.<ref name="ref_fb62">[https://www.synopsys.com/glossary/what-is-cryptography.html What Is Cryptography and How Does It Work?]</ref>
 +
* Prior to the early 20th century, cryptography was mainly concerned with linguistic and lexicographic patterns.<ref name="ref_d7de">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography Cryptography]</ref>
 +
* Computer use has thus supplanted linguistic cryptography, both for cipher design and cryptanalysis.<ref name="ref_d7de" />
 +
* Extensive open academic research into cryptography is relatively recent; it began only in the mid-1970s.<ref name="ref_d7de" />
 +
* Since then, cryptography has become a widely used tool in communications, computer networks, and computer security generally.<ref name="ref_d7de" />
 +
* But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient.<ref name="ref_ec4d">[https://www.garykessler.net/library/crypto.html An Overview of Cryptography]</ref>
 +
* The second is to provide some real examples of cryptography in use today.<ref name="ref_ec4d" />
 +
* It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications.<ref name="ref_ec4d" />
 +
* In cryptography, we start with the unencrypted data, referred to as plaintext.<ref name="ref_ec4d" />
 +
* Cryptography deals with the actual securing of digital data.<ref name="ref_f770">[https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cryptography/modern_cryptography.htm Modern Cryptography]</ref>
 +
* The primary objective of using cryptography is to provide the following four fundamental information security services.<ref name="ref_f770" />
 +
* Cryptography may also refer to the art of cryptanalysis, by which cryptographic codes are broken.<ref name="ref_48d7">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/cryptography Cryptography]</ref>
 +
* Collectively, the science of secure and secret communications, involving both cryptography and cryptanalysis, is known as cryptology.<ref name="ref_48d7" />
 +
* The principles of cryptography are today applied to the encryption of fax, television, and computer network communications.<ref name="ref_48d7" />
 +
* This Edureka video about what is Cryptography and why it is essential to protect the information shared across the internet.<ref name="ref_e1d1">[https://www.edureka.co/blog/what-is-cryptography/ Cryptographic Algorithms]</ref>
 +
* That’s where Encryption or Cryptography comes in.<ref name="ref_e1d1" />
 +
* Further drilling down, Classical Cryptography is divided into Transposition Cipher and Substitution Cipher.<ref name="ref_e1d1" />
 +
* cryptography is a package which provides cryptographic recipes and primitives to Python developers.<ref name="ref_0402">[https://pypi.org/project/cryptography/ cryptography]</ref>
 +
* In this segment, we'll discuss the fundamental concepts behind modern cryptography.<ref name="ref_bb0d">[https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-documents/tutorials/7/7254.html Technical Training]</ref>
 +
* Asymmetric keys and symmetric keys are two basic types of algorithms that are used in modern cryptography.<ref name="ref_bb0d" />
 +
* In addition, cryptography also covers the obfuscation of information in images using techniques such as microdots or merging.<ref name="ref_a240">[https://usa.kaspersky.com/resource-center/definitions/what-is-cryptography What is Cryptography?]</ref>
 +
* When transmitting electronic data, the most common use of cryptography is to encrypt and decrypt email and other plain-text messages.<ref name="ref_a240" />
 +
* In public key cryptography, we use a public and a private key.<ref name="ref_602d">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/cryptography Cryptography - an overview]</ref>
 +
* In general, cryptography provides us with a mechanism to protect data at rest, in motion, and, to a certain extent, in use.<ref name="ref_602d" />
 +
* Provides a Cryptography Next Generation (CNG) implementation of the Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES) algorithm.<ref name="ref_c308">[https://docs.microsoft.com/ko-kr/dotnet/api/system.security.cryptography System.Security.Cryptography 네임스페이스]</ref>
 +
===소스===
 +
<references />
 +
 +
== 웹 브라우저==
 +
 +
===말뭉치===
 +
# If you’re reading this, then I hope that sometime somebody or some web site told you that doing cryptography in a web browser is a bad idea.<ref name="ref_bede0317">[https://tonyarcieri.com/whats-wrong-with-webcrypto What’s wrong with in-browser cryptography?]</ref>
 +
# Why not put cryptography in the browser?<ref name="ref_bede0317" />
 +
# What we see happening here is cryptography being used to protect the web site’s interests, not the user’s.<ref name="ref_bede0317" />
 +
# For example, there are cryptography libraries that exist in both Java and Flash.<ref name="ref_9325ff6e">[https://sking7.github.io/articles/469176174.html Cryptography in the Browser]</ref>
 +
# There are two main criticisms of doing cryptography in JavaScript: security and speed.<ref name="ref_9325ff6e" />
 +
# For example, the post makes the point that Math.random() is not a good source of randomness, and thus it is impossible to get a suitable amount of random numbers for cryptography.<ref name="ref_9325ff6e" />
 +
# Until recently, JavaScript has been too slow to perform the many complex computations required for secure cryptography.<ref name="ref_9325ff6e" />
 +
# The Console uses browser cryptography both during authentication and to protect stored values the server is not meant to see.<ref name="ref_848fbc21">[https://tozny.com/blog/making-browser-crypto-safe/ Making Browser Crypto Safe for the Modern Web]</ref>
 +
# It does mean you’re following best practices and making solid steps towards a stable, secure website and can more safely use tools like browser cryptography on modern browsers.<ref name="ref_848fbc21" />
 +
# Such an infrastructure would not only be useful for integrity checking cryptography code, but could be used to mitigate XSS attacks.<ref name="ref_ca4c051c">[https://defuse.ca/web-browser-javascript-cryptography.htm Web Browser Cryptography is a Good Thing]</ref>
 +
# The Web Cryptography API is a proposed addition to the HTML5 specification that will support cryptography for web applications.<ref name="ref_f71b557b">[https://www.admin-magazine.com/Articles/Web-Cryptography-API Secrets and Keys]</ref>
 +
# The W3C proposal for the Web Cryptography API goes by the name of Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) and is currently in the draft phase.<ref name="ref_f71b557b" />
 +
# Implementation of the Web Cryptography API in the Chrome browser, and in Mozilla Firefox has already begun.<ref name="ref_f71b557b" />
 +
# Although PolyCrypt implements an older design of the Web Cryptography API, it is well suited for demonstration purposes.<ref name="ref_f71b557b" />
 +
# The goal of this series of blog articles is to evaluate the Web Cryptography specification before analysing the Web Cryptography API.<ref name="ref_9629a0f3">[https://www.inovex.de/blog/web-cryptography-api-part-1/ The Web Cryptography API: Do not Trust Anybody! [Part 1]]</ref>
 +
# To address these problems, the Web Cryptography Working Group of the World Wide Web Consortium convened to perform client-side cryptographic operations in the native implementation of the user agent.<ref name="ref_9629a0f3" />
 +
# Until fairly recently, browsers did not have any built-in cryptography APIs, leading to a large number of JavaScript libraries that implemented cryptography for web applications.<ref name="ref_cce6a737">[https://developer.ibm.com/languages/javascript/articles/secure-javascript-applications-with-web-crypto-api/ Securing JavaScript applications with the Web Cryptography API]</ref>
 +
# These features, whether provided through the Web Cryptography API or through the Node.js crypto module, are often referred to as “cryptographic primitives”.<ref name="ref_cce6a737" />
 +
# The Web Cryptography API uses instances of the ArrayBuffer class to represent byte sequences, but most functions also accept any TypedArray as their input.<ref name="ref_cce6a737" />
 +
# Unlike many other cryptographic libraries, the Web Crypto API enforces some usage patterns of keys that correlate to known best practices in cryptography.<ref name="ref_cce6a737" />
 +
# This example is provided to illustrate how to use the W3C Web Cryptography API to perform symmetric encryption inside a web browser.<ref name="ref_93f73baf">[https://github.com/infotechinc/symmetric-encryption-in-browser infotechinc/symmetric-encryption-in-browser: How to use the Web Cryptography API]</ref>
 +
# Using this example requires a web browser that implements a compatible version of the Web Cryptography API.<ref name="ref_93f73baf" />
 +
# However, through 20+ years of history of web browsers, we're at the stage where in-browser cryptography is still problematic, and best you can rely on is SSL.<ref name="ref_48fe3b77">[https://www.cossacklabs.com/blog/whats-wrong-with-web-crypto.html What is Wrong with Modern Web Cryptography]</ref>
 +
# In the next weeks, we'll summarize our experience of developing cryptography for Google Chrome, porting LibreSSL, building Themis for PNaCl, etc.<ref name="ref_48fe3b77" />
 +
# Server-Gated Cryptography (SGC), also known as International Step-Up by Netscape, is a defunct mechanism that was used to step up from 40-bit or 56-bit to 128-bit cipher suites with SSL.<ref name="ref_158869bc">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-Gated_Cryptography Server-Gated Cryptography]</ref>
 +
# Although the weaker exported browsers would only include weaker ciphers in its initial SSL handshake, the browser also contained stronger cryptography algorithms.<ref name="ref_158869bc" />
 +
# Cryptography, the art and science of secret codes, has evolved dramatically over the centuries, especially since World War II.<ref name="ref_a35472c8">[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/decoding/web.html Are Web Transactions Safe?]</ref>
 +
# Public-key cryptography provides a safe and easy way for the SSL software to share a secret key between your browser and a Web site you visit.<ref name="ref_a35472c8" />
 +
# The latest effort underway is to implement support for the Web Cryptography API.<ref name="ref_dce766ac">[https://www.nearform.com/blog/implementing-the-web-cryptography-api-for-node-js-core/ Implementing the Web Cryptography API for Node.js Core]</ref>
 +
# API is a collection of W3C standardised cryptography primitives defined in the Web Cryptography API specification.<ref name="ref_dce766ac" />
 +
# The Web Cryptography API implementation has landed as an experimental feature in Node.js 15.0.0.<ref name="ref_dce766ac" />
 +
# A better implementation would be to derive users' crypto keys from their passwords using a key derivation algorithm like PBKDF2 (available via the Web Cryptography API) with a high work factor.<ref name="ref_08ee5467">[https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/173620/what-s-wrong-with-in-browser-cryptography-in-2017 What’s wrong with in-browser cryptography in 2017?]</ref>
 +
# Cryptography is the cornerstone of information security, including various aspects such as data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation.<ref name="ref_0b824d46">[https://webkit.org/blog/7790/update-on-web-cryptography/ Update on Web Cryptography]</ref>
 +
# The WebCrypto API was created to bring these important high-level cryptography capabilities to the web.<ref name="ref_0b824d46" />
 +
# This blog post first talks about the advantages of implementing web cryptography through native APIs, and then introduces an overview of the WebCrypto API itself.<ref name="ref_0b824d46" />
 +
# Long before the WebCrypto API was standardized, several JavaScript cryptography libraries were created and have successfully served the open web since.<ref name="ref_0b824d46" />
 +
# Asymmetric encryption (or public-key cryptography) uses a separate key for encryption and decryption.<ref name="ref_95810880">[https://www.digicert.com/faq/ssl-cryptography.htm All about SSL Cryptography]</ref>
 +
# Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) relies on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields.<ref name="ref_95810880" />
 +
# Let's take a little aside to talk about a neat property of elliptic curve cryptography.<ref name="ref_597e9ebf">[https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2016/03/web-push-encryption Web Push Payload Encryption]</ref>
 +
===소스===
 +
<references />

2020년 12월 21일 (월) 17:44 기준 최신판

개요

  • 암호학은 정보를 의도하지 않은 수신자가 이해할 수 없는 형태로 변환하여 정보를 안전하게 유지하는 과학이다.
  • 암호학은 현대의 통신환경에서 필수적이다.
  • 공개 키 암호화는 모든 시민에게 강력한 암호화를 사용할 수 있게 해주는 기술이다.


메모

  • Elias, Yara, Kristin E. Lauter, Ekin Ozman, and Katherine E. Stange. “Ring-LWE Cryptography for the Number Theorist.” arXiv:1508.01375 [cs, Math], August 6, 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.01375.


노트

  • In all cases, cryptography, the coding enabling information to be kept secret, was flawed or missing.[1]
  • For years online security has focused on hard technical problems: Fixing software bugs or concealing data with cryptography.[1]
  • When you hear the word "cryptography," your brain probably jumps to someone sitting in a dark room staring at lines of code.[2]
  • Secret key cryptography uses one key across both the sending encryption and the receiver's decryption.[2]
  • Public Key Cryptography allows for the use of two keys, which are different for the sender and receiver.[2]
  • Drawing back to the question at hand, what is cryptography, the answer is fairly simple.[2]
  • Asymmetric encryption (or public-key cryptography) uses a separate key for encryption and decryption.[3]
  • Today, cryptography is used to protect digital data.[4]
  • An example of basic cryptography is a encrypted message in which letters are replaced with other characters.[4]
  • Therefore, modern cryptography involves developing encryption methods that are difficult for even supercomputers to break.[4]
  • The OECD Recommendation Concerning Guidelines for Cryptography Policy were adopted on 27 March 1997.[5]
  • However, the widespread use of cryptography raises a number of important issues.[5]
  • Traditionally, cryptography was most often used only by governments.[5]
  • Effective cryptography is an essential tool in a network environment for addressing these concerns.[5]
  • Cryptography uses two main styles or forms of encrypting data; symmetrical and asymmetrical.[6]
  • A key tool to secure the confidentiality of electronic communications is encryption or cryptography.[7]
  • In other words cryptography can be used as an electronic signature.[7]
  • Public-key cryptography is typically based on mathematical problems that are relatively easy to perform but cannot be easily reversed.[8]
  • "The Joy of Cryptography" is a silly title, but all the sensible titles were already taken.[9]
  • It was at least better than "You Can't Spell Cryptography without Cry".[9]
  • Cryptography is the art and science of keeping information secure from unintended audiences, of encrypting it.[10]
  • Public key cryptography adds a very significant benefit - it can serve to authenticate a source (e.g. a digital signature).[10]
  • Public key cryptography was invented by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1975.[10]
  • Provides a Cryptography Next Generation (CNG) implementation of the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) algorithm.[11]
  • TripleDESCng Provides a Cryptography Next Generation (CNG) implementation of the Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES) algorithm.[11]
  • The second phase, the mechanization of cryptography, began shortly after World War I and continues even today.[12]
  • It is tempting to equate this phase with the appearance of public-key cryptography, but that is too narrow a view.[12]
  • It could be said that cryptography, or the art of secret writing, was born with writing itself.[13]
  • The world we know today would be impossible without cryptography.[13]
  • For this reason, public-key cryptography is also known as asymmetric cryptography.[13]
  • None of these marvels would be possible without cryptography.[13]
  • As of Android 9 (API level 28), the Crypto Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) provider has been removed.[14]
  • Public key encryption is a technological revolution offering every citizen the opportunity to use robust cryptography.[15]
  • Cryptography techniques Cryptography is closely related to the disciplines of cryptology and cryptanalysis.[16]
  • However, cryptography makes it harder for attackers to access messages and data protected by encryption algorithms.[16]
  • Cryptography is the science of keeping information secure by transforming it into form that unintended recipients cannot understand.[17]
  • Encryption is an important part of cryptography, but doesn't encompass the entire science.[17]
  • For most of history, cryptography consisted of various substitution ciphers deployed to keep government and military communications secure.[17]
  • In fact, the development of computers and advances in cryptography went hand in hand.[17]
  • Cryptography is associated with the process of converting ordinary plain text into unintelligible text and vice-versa.[18]
  • Symmetric-key Cryptography: Both the sender and receiver share a single key.[18]
  • In Public-Key Cryptography two related keys (public and private key) are used.[18]
  • With symmetric cryptography, the same key is used for both encryption and decryption.[19]
  • Prior to the early 20th century, cryptography was mainly concerned with linguistic and lexicographic patterns.[20]
  • Computer use has thus supplanted linguistic cryptography, both for cipher design and cryptanalysis.[20]
  • Extensive open academic research into cryptography is relatively recent; it began only in the mid-1970s.[20]
  • Since then, cryptography has become a widely used tool in communications, computer networks, and computer security generally.[20]
  • But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient.[21]
  • The second is to provide some real examples of cryptography in use today.[21]
  • It is no surprise, then, that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications.[21]
  • In cryptography, we start with the unencrypted data, referred to as plaintext.[21]
  • Cryptography deals with the actual securing of digital data.[22]
  • The primary objective of using cryptography is to provide the following four fundamental information security services.[22]
  • Cryptography may also refer to the art of cryptanalysis, by which cryptographic codes are broken.[23]
  • Collectively, the science of secure and secret communications, involving both cryptography and cryptanalysis, is known as cryptology.[23]
  • The principles of cryptography are today applied to the encryption of fax, television, and computer network communications.[23]
  • This Edureka video about what is Cryptography and why it is essential to protect the information shared across the internet.[24]
  • That’s where Encryption or Cryptography comes in.[24]
  • Further drilling down, Classical Cryptography is divided into Transposition Cipher and Substitution Cipher.[24]
  • cryptography is a package which provides cryptographic recipes and primitives to Python developers.[25]
  • In this segment, we'll discuss the fundamental concepts behind modern cryptography.[26]
  • Asymmetric keys and symmetric keys are two basic types of algorithms that are used in modern cryptography.[26]
  • In addition, cryptography also covers the obfuscation of information in images using techniques such as microdots or merging.[27]
  • When transmitting electronic data, the most common use of cryptography is to encrypt and decrypt email and other plain-text messages.[27]
  • In public key cryptography, we use a public and a private key.[28]
  • In general, cryptography provides us with a mechanism to protect data at rest, in motion, and, to a certain extent, in use.[28]
  • Provides a Cryptography Next Generation (CNG) implementation of the Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES) algorithm.[29]

소스

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Definition of Cryptography by Merriam-Webster
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 What is Cryptography?
  3. ↑ All about SSL Cryptography
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Cryptography Definition
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 OECD Guidelines for Cryptography Policy
  6. ↑ Barcodes Inc.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary
  8. ↑ AWS cryptography services
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 The Joy of Cryptography
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Cryptography Defined
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 System.Security.Cryptography Namespace
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Cryptology - History of cryptology
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Cryptography: if it didn’t exist, we would have to invent it
  14. ↑ Android Developers
  15. ↑ Cryptography
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Definition from WhatIs.com
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 What is cryptography? How algorithms keep information secret and safe
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 What is Cryptography? Definition of Cryptography, Cryptography Meaning
  19. ↑ What Is Cryptography and How Does It Work?
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Cryptography
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 An Overview of Cryptography
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Modern Cryptography
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Cryptography
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Cryptographic Algorithms
  25. ↑ cryptography
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Technical Training
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 What is Cryptography?
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Cryptography - an overview
  29. ↑ System.Security.Cryptography 네임스페이스

웹 브라우저

말뭉치

  1. If you’re reading this, then I hope that sometime somebody or some web site told you that doing cryptography in a web browser is a bad idea.[1]
  2. Why not put cryptography in the browser?[1]
  3. What we see happening here is cryptography being used to protect the web site’s interests, not the user’s.[1]
  4. For example, there are cryptography libraries that exist in both Java and Flash.[2]
  5. There are two main criticisms of doing cryptography in JavaScript: security and speed.[2]
  6. For example, the post makes the point that Math.random() is not a good source of randomness, and thus it is impossible to get a suitable amount of random numbers for cryptography.[2]
  7. Until recently, JavaScript has been too slow to perform the many complex computations required for secure cryptography.[2]
  8. The Console uses browser cryptography both during authentication and to protect stored values the server is not meant to see.[3]
  9. It does mean you’re following best practices and making solid steps towards a stable, secure website and can more safely use tools like browser cryptography on modern browsers.[3]
  10. Such an infrastructure would not only be useful for integrity checking cryptography code, but could be used to mitigate XSS attacks.[4]
  11. The Web Cryptography API is a proposed addition to the HTML5 specification that will support cryptography for web applications.[5]
  12. The W3C proposal for the Web Cryptography API goes by the name of Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) and is currently in the draft phase.[5]
  13. Implementation of the Web Cryptography API in the Chrome browser, and in Mozilla Firefox has already begun.[5]
  14. Although PolyCrypt implements an older design of the Web Cryptography API, it is well suited for demonstration purposes.[5]
  15. The goal of this series of blog articles is to evaluate the Web Cryptography specification before analysing the Web Cryptography API.[6]
  16. To address these problems, the Web Cryptography Working Group of the World Wide Web Consortium convened to perform client-side cryptographic operations in the native implementation of the user agent.[6]
  17. Until fairly recently, browsers did not have any built-in cryptography APIs, leading to a large number of JavaScript libraries that implemented cryptography for web applications.[7]
  18. These features, whether provided through the Web Cryptography API or through the Node.js crypto module, are often referred to as “cryptographic primitives”.[7]
  19. The Web Cryptography API uses instances of the ArrayBuffer class to represent byte sequences, but most functions also accept any TypedArray as their input.[7]
  20. Unlike many other cryptographic libraries, the Web Crypto API enforces some usage patterns of keys that correlate to known best practices in cryptography.[7]
  21. This example is provided to illustrate how to use the W3C Web Cryptography API to perform symmetric encryption inside a web browser.[8]
  22. Using this example requires a web browser that implements a compatible version of the Web Cryptography API.[8]
  23. However, through 20+ years of history of web browsers, we're at the stage where in-browser cryptography is still problematic, and best you can rely on is SSL.[9]
  24. In the next weeks, we'll summarize our experience of developing cryptography for Google Chrome, porting LibreSSL, building Themis for PNaCl, etc.[9]
  25. Server-Gated Cryptography (SGC), also known as International Step-Up by Netscape, is a defunct mechanism that was used to step up from 40-bit or 56-bit to 128-bit cipher suites with SSL.[10]
  26. Although the weaker exported browsers would only include weaker ciphers in its initial SSL handshake, the browser also contained stronger cryptography algorithms.[10]
  27. Cryptography, the art and science of secret codes, has evolved dramatically over the centuries, especially since World War II.[11]
  28. Public-key cryptography provides a safe and easy way for the SSL software to share a secret key between your browser and a Web site you visit.[11]
  29. The latest effort underway is to implement support for the Web Cryptography API.[12]
  30. API is a collection of W3C standardised cryptography primitives defined in the Web Cryptography API specification.[12]
  31. The Web Cryptography API implementation has landed as an experimental feature in Node.js 15.0.0.[12]
  32. A better implementation would be to derive users' crypto keys from their passwords using a key derivation algorithm like PBKDF2 (available via the Web Cryptography API) with a high work factor.[13]
  33. Cryptography is the cornerstone of information security, including various aspects such as data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation.[14]
  34. The WebCrypto API was created to bring these important high-level cryptography capabilities to the web.[14]
  35. This blog post first talks about the advantages of implementing web cryptography through native APIs, and then introduces an overview of the WebCrypto API itself.[14]
  36. Long before the WebCrypto API was standardized, several JavaScript cryptography libraries were created and have successfully served the open web since.[14]
  37. Asymmetric encryption (or public-key cryptography) uses a separate key for encryption and decryption.[15]
  38. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) relies on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields.[15]
  39. Let's take a little aside to talk about a neat property of elliptic curve cryptography.[16]

소스

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 What’s wrong with in-browser cryptography?
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cryptography in the Browser
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Making Browser Crypto Safe for the Modern Web
  4. ↑ Web Browser Cryptography is a Good Thing
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Secrets and Keys
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 The Web Cryptography API: Do not Trust Anybody! [Part 1]
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Securing JavaScript applications with the Web Cryptography API
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 infotechinc/symmetric-encryption-in-browser: How to use the Web Cryptography API
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 What is Wrong with Modern Web Cryptography
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Server-Gated Cryptography
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Are Web Transactions Safe?
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Implementing the Web Cryptography API for Node.js Core
  13. ↑ What’s wrong with in-browser cryptography in 2017?
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Update on Web Cryptography
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 All about SSL Cryptography
  16. ↑ Web Push Payload Encryption
원본 주소 "https://wiki.mathnt.net/index.php?title=암호학&oldid=46431"