"핵자기공명 양자 컴퓨터"의 두 판 사이의 차이

수학노트
둘러보기로 가기 검색하러 가기
(→‎메타데이터: 새 문단)
 
(같은 사용자의 중간 판 4개는 보이지 않습니다)
2번째 줄: 2번째 줄:
  
 
===말뭉치===
 
===말뭉치===
 +
# The quantum states are probed through the nuclear magnetic resonances, allowing the system to be implemented as a variation of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.<ref name="ref_5e9ed64c">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_quantum_computer Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer]</ref>
 +
# NMR differs from other implementations of quantum computers in that it uses an ensemble of systems, in this case molecules, rather than a single pure state.<ref name="ref_5e9ed64c" />
 +
# Initially the approach was to use the spin properties of atoms of particular molecules in a liquid sample as qubits - this is known as liquid state NMR (LSNMR).<ref name="ref_5e9ed64c" />
 +
# This approach has since been superseded by solid state NMR (SSNMR) as a means of quantum computation.<ref name="ref_5e9ed64c" />
 +
# NMR systems have been well studied for over 50 years now.<ref name="ref_682613db">[http://web.physics.ucsb.edu/~msteffen/nmrqc.htm Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Quantum Computing (NMRQC)]</ref>
 +
# We will focus on liquid state solution NMR techniques.<ref name="ref_682613db" />
 +
# How does this NMR Quantum Computer look like?<ref name="ref_682613db" />
 +
# In their Research Article, Gershenfeld and Chuang (2) propose the use of a much less exotic system—nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of molecules in a room-temperature solution.<ref name="ref_21ff7133">[https://science.sciencemag.org/content/277/5332/1688 The Usefulness of NMR Quantum Computing]</ref>
 +
# Of course, solution NMR was used in the 1950s to study equally small molecules, yet today we study proteins with thousands of spins.<ref name="ref_21ff7133" />
 +
# If an NMR quantum computer were ultimately scalable to larger numbers of qubits (say 100), the implications for computational science would be exciting.<ref name="ref_21ff7133" />
 +
# There is doubt, however, that solution NMR quantum computing will ever be useful.<ref name="ref_21ff7133" />
 +
# The result is a novel NMR computer that can be programmed much like a QC, but in other respects more closely resembles a DNA computer.<ref name="ref_2439bafc">[https://www.pnas.org/content/94/5/1634.full Ensemble quantum computing by NMR spectroscopy]</ref>
 +
# Most notably, when applied to intractable combinatorial problems, an NMR computer can use an amount of sample, rather than time, which grows exponentially with the size of the problem.<ref name="ref_2439bafc" />
 +
# In this paper, we consider another physical mechanism that is capable of computation, namely NMR spectroscopy.<ref name="ref_2439bafc" />
 +
# Other researchers have proposed implementing an atomic-scale QC by NMR and analogous physical mechanisms (e.g., refs.<ref name="ref_2439bafc" />
 +
# A few years ago, it was found that nuclear magnetic resonance, or NMR, spectroscopy provides a means of combining many of the best features of DNA and quantum computing.<ref name="ref_b9140783">[http://web.mit.edu/tfhavel/www/nmr-qip.html Ensemble Quantum Computing by NMR Spectroscopy]</ref>
 +
# Following the common practice in NMR spectroscopy, we shall now use the word "spin" to refer to an ensemble of chemically equivalent single spins, each in a different molecule of the sample.<ref name="ref_b9140783" />
 +
# This is known in NMR as the INEPT pulse sequence.<ref name="ref_b9140783" />
 +
# Via Fourier transform techniques, an NMR implementation of an ensemble quantum computer is also able to simultaneously measure many expectation values in the single spectrum.<ref name="ref_b9140783" />
 +
# Quantum-assisted NMR spectroscopy checked all the boxes since the readings, called a spectrogram, are put together by measuring a complex set of quantum spins.<ref name="ref_1ee9343e">[https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/07/harvard-researchers-create-hybrid-algorithm-for-nmr-readings/ Harvard researchers create hybrid algorithm for NMR readings]</ref>
 +
# The NMR machine reads those spins as different signatures.<ref name="ref_1ee9343e" />
 +
# We use seven spin-1/2 nuclei in a molecule as quantum bits11,12, which can be manipulated with room temperature liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.<ref name="ref_434703ef">[https://www.nature.com/articles/414883a Experimental realization of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm using nuclear magnetic resonance]</ref>
 +
# A proof of principle for the algorithm for two qubits is provided using a liquid state NMR quantum computer.<ref name="ref_6ce7b759">[http://www.org.chemie.tu-muenchen.de/glaser/qcomp.html NMR Quantum Computer]</ref>
 +
# The simulation of pattern recognition conducted by the CT researchers was evaluated with a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR) at the TU München.<ref name="ref_6ce7b759" />
 +
# We point out that some molecules solved in isotropic liquid are well isolated and thus they can also be employed for studying open systems in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments.<ref name="ref_eccce53f">[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238576164_Liquid-State_NMR_Quantum_Computer_Hamiltonian_Formalism_and_Experiments Liquid-State NMR Quantum Computer:. Hamiltonian Formalism and Experiments]</ref>
 +
# Crossover from Markovian to non-Markovian relaxation was realized in one NMR experiment, while relaxation like phenomena were observed in approximately isolated systems in the other.<ref name="ref_eccce53f" />
 +
# We demonstrate the implementation of several quantum logic gates through one- and two-dimensional NMR methods, using transition- and spin-selective pulses.<ref name="ref_469b3e72">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/24105107 Quantum computation using NMR on JSTOR]</ref>
 +
# Finally, we discuss the implementation of the Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm using NMR.<ref name="ref_469b3e72" />
 +
# NMR has an unusual place among the prospective approaches for manipulating quantum information.<ref name="ref_1dab3259">[https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2000/nsf00101/nsf00101.htm Quantum Information Science]</ref>
 +
# In NMR quantum computation, qubits are stored in the orientation of nuclear spins, which have very long coherence times.<ref name="ref_1dab3259" />
 +
# The most distinctive feature of NMR quantum computing is that a qubit is stored, not in a single underlying degree of freedom, but in about 1022 redundant copies.<ref name="ref_1dab3259" />
 +
# Since the Zeeman splitting between nuclear spin states is a tiny fraction of the thermal energy in room-temperature NMR systems, the quantum state of the spins is very highly mixed.<ref name="ref_1dab3259" />
 +
# The solid-state NMR quantum computer, which employs nuclear spins in solids (mainly semiconductors) as quantum bits (qubits), is among the most promising schemes for scalable quantum computers.<ref name="ref_25525ba1">[https://www.nims.go.jp/eng/news/press/2011/07/p201107060.html A New Operation Principle for Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Quantum Computers]</ref>
 +
# This discovery is expected to help advance the progress in research and development of solid-state NMR quantum computers.<ref name="ref_25525ba1" />
 +
# Some methods which are currently being explored for implementing quantum computation are ion traps, quantum dots, cavity quantum electrodynamics, and NMR (nuclear Magnetic resonance).<ref name="ref_e3b72f99">[http://www.physics.sfsu.edu/~senglish/research/Quantum%20Computing.htm Optimizing Optical Pumping for NMR Quantum Computation]</ref>
 +
# Our group, under the direction of Dr. Isaac Chuang, is focusing on the technique of NMR Quantum Computation.<ref name="ref_e3b72f99" />
 +
# These electrons can then be used to transfer their polarization to the nuclei of xenon to test the NMR signal.<ref name="ref_e3b72f99" />
 +
# Eventually the xenon polarization will be transferred to the molecules used to perform NMR quantum computations.<ref name="ref_e3b72f99" />
 +
# Multiple quantum (MQ) NMR is an effective tool for the generation of a large cluster of correlated particles, which, in turn, represent a basis for quantum information processing devices.<ref name="ref_717a08e7">[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2011.0499 Solid-state multiple quantum NMR in quantum information processing: exactly solvable models]</ref>
 +
# The interplay of MQ NMR spin dynamics and the dimensionality of the space embedding the spins has been probed in materials with quasi-one-dimensional distributions of spins by Yesinowksi et al.<ref name="ref_717a08e7" />
 +
# This model is the first exactly solvable model in MQ NMR for a system with a macroscopic number of coupled spins.<ref name="ref_717a08e7" />
 +
# The theoretical description of MQ NMR dynamics is a very difficult task because this is a many-spin and MQ problem.<ref name="ref_717a08e7" />
 
===소스===
 
===소스===
 
  <references />
 
  <references />
10번째 줄: 52번째 줄:
 
* ID :  [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847019 Q847019]
 
* ID :  [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847019 Q847019]
 
===Spacy 패턴 목록===
 
===Spacy 패턴 목록===
 +
* [{'LOWER': 'nuclear'}, {'LOWER': 'magnetic'}, {'LEMMA': 'resonance'}]
 +
* [{'LOWER': 'nmr'}]
 
* [{'LOWER': 'nuclear'}, {'LOWER': 'magnetic'}, {'LOWER': 'resonance'}, {'LOWER': 'quantum'}, {'LEMMA': 'computer'}]
 
* [{'LOWER': 'nuclear'}, {'LOWER': 'magnetic'}, {'LOWER': 'resonance'}, {'LOWER': 'quantum'}, {'LEMMA': 'computer'}]
 
* [{'LEMMA': 'nmrqc'}]
 
* [{'LEMMA': 'nmrqc'}]
−
* [{'LOWER': 'nuclear'}, {'LOWER': 'magnetic'}, {'LOWER': 'resonance'}, {'LOWER': 'quantum'}, {'LEMMA': 'computer'}]
 

2021년 2월 18일 (목) 00:20 기준 최신판

노트

말뭉치

  1. The quantum states are probed through the nuclear magnetic resonances, allowing the system to be implemented as a variation of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.[1]
  2. NMR differs from other implementations of quantum computers in that it uses an ensemble of systems, in this case molecules, rather than a single pure state.[1]
  3. Initially the approach was to use the spin properties of atoms of particular molecules in a liquid sample as qubits - this is known as liquid state NMR (LSNMR).[1]
  4. This approach has since been superseded by solid state NMR (SSNMR) as a means of quantum computation.[1]
  5. NMR systems have been well studied for over 50 years now.[2]
  6. We will focus on liquid state solution NMR techniques.[2]
  7. How does this NMR Quantum Computer look like?[2]
  8. In their Research Article, Gershenfeld and Chuang (2) propose the use of a much less exotic system—nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of molecules in a room-temperature solution.[3]
  9. Of course, solution NMR was used in the 1950s to study equally small molecules, yet today we study proteins with thousands of spins.[3]
  10. If an NMR quantum computer were ultimately scalable to larger numbers of qubits (say 100), the implications for computational science would be exciting.[3]
  11. There is doubt, however, that solution NMR quantum computing will ever be useful.[3]
  12. The result is a novel NMR computer that can be programmed much like a QC, but in other respects more closely resembles a DNA computer.[4]
  13. Most notably, when applied to intractable combinatorial problems, an NMR computer can use an amount of sample, rather than time, which grows exponentially with the size of the problem.[4]
  14. In this paper, we consider another physical mechanism that is capable of computation, namely NMR spectroscopy.[4]
  15. Other researchers have proposed implementing an atomic-scale QC by NMR and analogous physical mechanisms (e.g., refs.[4]
  16. A few years ago, it was found that nuclear magnetic resonance, or NMR, spectroscopy provides a means of combining many of the best features of DNA and quantum computing.[5]
  17. Following the common practice in NMR spectroscopy, we shall now use the word "spin" to refer to an ensemble of chemically equivalent single spins, each in a different molecule of the sample.[5]
  18. This is known in NMR as the INEPT pulse sequence.[5]
  19. Via Fourier transform techniques, an NMR implementation of an ensemble quantum computer is also able to simultaneously measure many expectation values in the single spectrum.[5]
  20. Quantum-assisted NMR spectroscopy checked all the boxes since the readings, called a spectrogram, are put together by measuring a complex set of quantum spins.[6]
  21. The NMR machine reads those spins as different signatures.[6]
  22. We use seven spin-1/2 nuclei in a molecule as quantum bits11,12, which can be manipulated with room temperature liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.[7]
  23. A proof of principle for the algorithm for two qubits is provided using a liquid state NMR quantum computer.[8]
  24. The simulation of pattern recognition conducted by the CT researchers was evaluated with a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR) at the TU München.[8]
  25. We point out that some molecules solved in isotropic liquid are well isolated and thus they can also be employed for studying open systems in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments.[9]
  26. Crossover from Markovian to non-Markovian relaxation was realized in one NMR experiment, while relaxation like phenomena were observed in approximately isolated systems in the other.[9]
  27. We demonstrate the implementation of several quantum logic gates through one- and two-dimensional NMR methods, using transition- and spin-selective pulses.[10]
  28. Finally, we discuss the implementation of the Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm using NMR.[10]
  29. NMR has an unusual place among the prospective approaches for manipulating quantum information.[11]
  30. In NMR quantum computation, qubits are stored in the orientation of nuclear spins, which have very long coherence times.[11]
  31. The most distinctive feature of NMR quantum computing is that a qubit is stored, not in a single underlying degree of freedom, but in about 1022 redundant copies.[11]
  32. Since the Zeeman splitting between nuclear spin states is a tiny fraction of the thermal energy in room-temperature NMR systems, the quantum state of the spins is very highly mixed.[11]
  33. The solid-state NMR quantum computer, which employs nuclear spins in solids (mainly semiconductors) as quantum bits (qubits), is among the most promising schemes for scalable quantum computers.[12]
  34. This discovery is expected to help advance the progress in research and development of solid-state NMR quantum computers.[12]
  35. Some methods which are currently being explored for implementing quantum computation are ion traps, quantum dots, cavity quantum electrodynamics, and NMR (nuclear Magnetic resonance).[13]
  36. Our group, under the direction of Dr. Isaac Chuang, is focusing on the technique of NMR Quantum Computation.[13]
  37. These electrons can then be used to transfer their polarization to the nuclei of xenon to test the NMR signal.[13]
  38. Eventually the xenon polarization will be transferred to the molecules used to perform NMR quantum computations.[13]
  39. Multiple quantum (MQ) NMR is an effective tool for the generation of a large cluster of correlated particles, which, in turn, represent a basis for quantum information processing devices.[14]
  40. The interplay of MQ NMR spin dynamics and the dimensionality of the space embedding the spins has been probed in materials with quasi-one-dimensional distributions of spins by Yesinowksi et al.[14]
  41. This model is the first exactly solvable model in MQ NMR for a system with a macroscopic number of coupled spins.[14]
  42. The theoretical description of MQ NMR dynamics is a very difficult task because this is a many-spin and MQ problem.[14]

소스

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Quantum Computing (NMRQC)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 The Usefulness of NMR Quantum Computing
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Ensemble quantum computing by NMR spectroscopy
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Ensemble Quantum Computing by NMR Spectroscopy
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Harvard researchers create hybrid algorithm for NMR readings
  7. ↑ Experimental realization of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm using nuclear magnetic resonance
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 NMR Quantum Computer
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Liquid-State NMR Quantum Computer:. Hamiltonian Formalism and Experiments
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Quantum computation using NMR on JSTOR
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Quantum Information Science
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 A New Operation Principle for Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Quantum Computers
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Optimizing Optical Pumping for NMR Quantum Computation
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Solid-state multiple quantum NMR in quantum information processing: exactly solvable models

메타데이터

위키데이터

Spacy 패턴 목록

  • [{'LOWER': 'nuclear'}, {'LOWER': 'magnetic'}, {'LEMMA': 'resonance'}]
  • [{'LOWER': 'nmr'}]
  • [{'LOWER': 'nuclear'}, {'LOWER': 'magnetic'}, {'LOWER': 'resonance'}, {'LOWER': 'quantum'}, {'LEMMA': 'computer'}]
  • [{'LEMMA': 'nmrqc'}]
원본 주소 "https://wiki.mathnt.net/index.php?title=핵자기공명_양자_컴퓨터&oldid=52584"