"루트 시스템 (root system)과 딘킨 다이어그램 (Dynkin diagram)"의 두 판 사이의 차이

수학노트
둘러보기로 가기 검색하러 가기
 
(사용자 2명의 중간 판 24개는 보이지 않습니다)
1번째 줄: 1번째 줄:
<h5 style="line-height: 3.428em; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 61, 103); font-family: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif; font-size: 1.166em; background-position: 0px 100%;">이 항목의 스프링노트 원문주소</h5>
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==개요==
  
 
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*  루트 시스템은 유한차원 유클리드 벡터공간에서 여러가지 조건들을 만족시키는 벡터들의 모임이다
 +
**  non-zero eigenvalues of Cartan subalgebra
 +
* [[리군과 리대수]]의 분류, 격자의 분류, [[유한반사군과 콕세터군(finite reflection groups and Coxeter groups)]] 등에서 중요하게 활용
 +
*  딘킨 다이어그램은 루트 시스템을 표현하는 그래프이다
  
 
 
  
<h5 style="line-height: 3.428em; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 61, 103); font-family: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif; font-size: 1.166em; background-position: 0px 100%;">개요</h5>
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*  루트 시스템은 유한차원 유클리드 벡터공간에서 여러가지 조건들을 만족시키는 벡터들의 모임이다<br>  <br>
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==정의==
* [[리군과 리대수 (교과)|리군과 리대수]]의 분류, 격자의 분류, [[유한반사군과 콕세터군(finite reflection groups and Coxeter groups)]] 등에서 중요하게 활용<br>
 
* [[1938012|딘킨 다이어그램의 분류]]<br>
 
  
 
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* E를 [[내적공간|내적]]이 주어진 유클리드 벡터공간이라 하자.
 
+
*  다음 조건을 만족시키는 E의 유한인 부분집합 <math>\Phi</math>를 루트 시스템이라 한다.
 
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** <math>\Phi</math>는 E를 스팬(span)하며 <math>0 \not \in \Phi</math>
 
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** (reduced) <math>\alpha \in \Phi</math>, <math>\lambda \alpha \in \Phi \iff \lambda=\pm 1</math>
<h5 style="line-height: 2em; margin: 0px;">정의</h5>
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** <math>\alpha,\beta \in \Phi</math>이면  <math>\sigma_\alpha(\beta) =\beta-2\frac{(\beta,\alpha)}{(\alpha,\alpha)}\alpha \in \Phi</math>
 
 
* E를 [[내적공간|내적]]이 주어진 유클리드 벡터공간이라 하자.
 
*  다음 조건을 만족시키는 E의 유한인 부분집합 <math>\Phi</math>를 루트 시스템이라 한다.<br>
 
**  <math>\Phi</math>는 E를 스팬(span)하며 <math>0 \not \in \Phi</math>
 
** <math>\alpha \in \Phi</math>, <math>\lambda \alpha \in \Phi \iff \lambda=\pm 1</math>
 
** <math>\alpha,\beta \in \Phi</math>이면   <math>\sigma_\alpha(\beta) =\beta-2\frac{(\beta,\alpha)}{(\alpha,\alpha)}\alpha \in \Phi</math>
 
 
** <math>\langle \beta, \alpha \rangle = 2 \frac{(\beta,\alpha)}{(\alpha,\alpha)} \in \mathbb{Z}</math>
 
** <math>\langle \beta, \alpha \rangle = 2 \frac{(\beta,\alpha)}{(\alpha,\alpha)} \in \mathbb{Z}</math>
* 마지막 조건을 crystallographic조건이라 한다
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* 마지막 조건을 crystallographic 또는 integrality 조건이라 한다
*  a subgroup of <math>GL(V)</math> is crystallographic if it stabilizes a lattice L in V<br>
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*  a subgroup of <math>GL(V)</math> is crystallographic if it stabilizes a lattice L in V
* e.g. the Weyl group of a Lie algebra stabilizes the root lattice or the weight lattice
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* e.g. the Weyl group of a Lie algebra stabilizes the root lattice or the weight lattice
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
<h5 style="line-height: 3.428em; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 61, 103); font-family: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif; font-size: 1.166em; background-position: 0px 100%;">딘킨 다이어그램 (Dynkin diagram)</h5>
 
  
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==딘킨 다이어그램 (Dynkin diagram)==
 
* first draw the simple roots as nodes
 
* first draw the simple roots as nodes
* draw <math>4(e_i, e_j)^2</math>lines for two roots <math>e_i, e_j</math><br><math>\frac{\pi}{2}</math> , <math>\frac{\pi}{3}</math>, <math>\frac{\pi}{4}</math>, <math>\frac{\pi}{6}</math><br> 0,1,2,3 lines<br>
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* draw <math>4(e_i, e_j)^2</math>lines for two roots <math>e_i, e_j</math>
*  how to classify all connected admissible diagrams<br>
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* <math>\frac{\pi}{2}</math> , <math>\frac{\pi}{3}</math>, <math>\frac{\pi}{4}</math>, <math>\frac{\pi}{6}</math> 0,1,2,3 lines
** subdiagram is also admissible
 
** there are at most (n-1) pairs of nodes
 
** no node has more than 3 lines
 
** study double lines and triple nodes
 
  
 
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<h5 style="line-height: 2em; margin: 0px;">2차원 루트 시스템의 분류</h5>
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==2차원 루트 시스템의 분류==
  
* <math>A_1\times A_1</math>, <math>A_2</math>, <math>B_2</math>, <math>G_2</math><br>
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* <math>A_1\times A_1</math>, <math>A_2</math>, <math>B_2</math>, <math>G_2</math>
  
 
A1 x A1
 
A1 x A1
67번째 줄: 52번째 줄:
 
[http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=r%3D1-%28sqrt+3+%2B1%29%5E2cos+%286theta%29/2 http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=r%3D1-(sqrt+3+%2B1)^2cos+(6theta)/2]
 
[http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=r%3D1-%28sqrt+3+%2B1%29%5E2cos+%286theta%29/2 http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=r%3D1-(sqrt+3+%2B1)^2cos+(6theta)/2]
  
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system ]
  
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system
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[[파일:2696052-MSP45719773453e5409bcd000043c1iebh17cda58g.gif]]
  
[/pages/2696052/attachments/2088323 MSP45719773453e5409bcd000043c1iebh17cda58g.gif]
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[[파일:2696052-MSP402197733f5dbe80g5d000056hb767e4digb412.gif]]
  
[/pages/2696052/attachments/2088321 MSP402197733f5dbe80g5d000056hb767e4digb412.gif]
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[[파일:2696052-MSP132719772cfcfe659i75000064ieda8fh9d30h5e.gif]]
  
[/pages/2696052/attachments/2088319 MSP132719772cfcfe659i75000064ieda8fh9d30h5e.gif]
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[[파일:2696052-MSP98119772g2ig5gid8he000031i1h30a8gacdi00.gif]]
  
[/pages/2696052/attachments/2088317 MSP98119772g2ig5gid8he000031i1h30a8gacdi00.gif]
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<h5 style="line-height: 3.428em; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 61, 103); font-family: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif; font-size: 1.166em; background-position: 0px 100%;">재미있는 사실</h5>
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==ADE 의 분류==
  
 
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(0) G cannot contain affine A_n, D_n, E_n
  
* Math Overflow http://mathoverflow.net/search?q=
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(1) G is a tree (contains no cycles = affine A_n)
* 네이버 지식인 http://kin.search.naver.com/search.naver?where=kin_qna&query=
 
  
 
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(2) G has \leq 1 branch point (does not contain affine D_5, D_6,D_7, )
  
 
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(3)  branch point has order \leq 3 (affine D_4) What are length of legs of G?
  
<h5 style="line-height: 3.428em; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 61, 103); font-family: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif; font-size: 1.166em; background-position: 0px 100%;">역사</h5>
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Leg of length 0 -> G=A_n
  
 
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so assume legs have length \geq 1
  
* http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbs=tl:1&q=
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(4) Not all legs have length \geq 2 : cannot contain affine E_6
* [[수학사연표 (역사)|수학사연표]]
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*  
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so one leg has length 1
 +
 
 +
2 legs of length 1 : G  is D_n
  
 
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so can assume 2 other legs have length \geq 2
  
 
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(5) cannot have 2 legs length \geq 3 because of affine E_7
  
<h5 style="line-height: 3.428em; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 61, 103); font-family: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif; font-size: 1.166em; background-position: 0px 100%;">메모</h5>
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So G has 1 leg length 1, 1 of length 2, one of length \geq 2
  
* reflection groups
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length is \leq 4, as G does not contain affine E_8
* lie algebras
 
* Lie groups
 
* algebraic groups
 
* surfaces singularities
 
* quiver
 
* Platonic Solids
 
  
 
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So G is E6,E7, E8
  
 
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<h5 style="line-height: 3.428em; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 61, 103); font-family: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif; font-size: 1.166em; background-position: 0px 100%;">관련된 항목들</h5>
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일반적인 경우
  
<h5 style="line-height: 3.428em; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 61, 103); font-family: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif; font-size: 1.166em; background-position: 0px 100%;">수학용어번역</h5>
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*  how to classify all connected admissible diagrams
 +
** subdiagram is also admissible
 +
** there are at most (n-1) pairs of nodes
 +
** no node has more than 3 lines
 +
** study double lines and triple nodes
  
* 단어사전 http://www.google.com/dictionary?langpair=en|ko&q=
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* 발음사전 http://www.forvo.com/search/
 
* [http://mathnet.kaist.ac.kr/mathnet/math_list.php?mode=list&ftype=&fstr= 대한수학회 수학 학술 용어집]<br>
 
** http://mathnet.kaist.ac.kr/mathnet/math_list.php?mode=list&ftype=eng_term&fstr=
 
* [http://www.nktech.net/science/term/term_l.jsp?l_mode=cate&s_code_cd=MA 남·북한수학용어비교]
 
* [http://kms.or.kr/home/kor/board/bulletin_list_subject.asp?bulletinid=%7BD6048897-56F9-43D7-8BB6-50B362D1243A%7D&boardname=%BC%F6%C7%D0%BF%EB%BE%EE%C5%E4%B7%D0%B9%E6&globalmenu=7&localmenu=4 대한수학회 수학용어한글화 게시판]
 
  
 
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<h5 style="line-height: 3.428em; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 61, 103); font-family: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif; font-size: 1.166em; background-position: 0px 100%;">사전 형태의 자료</h5>
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==reflection groups==
  
* [http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%8C%80%EC%88%98 http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/리대수]
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* B_n, C_n, BC_n -> same reflection group (Z/nZ).S_n
 +
  
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/root_systems
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* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram
 
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_number
 
  
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
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* http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=
 
* [http://dlmf.nist.gov/ NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions]
 
* [http://www.research.att.com/%7Enjas/sequences/index.html The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences]<br>
 
** http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/?q=
 
  
 
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==역사==
  
<h5 style="line-height: 3.428em; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 61, 103); font-family: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif; font-size: 1.166em; background-position: 0px 100%;">관련논문</h5>
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* [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2324217 Two Amusing Dynkin Diagram Graph Classifications]<br>
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* http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbs=tl:1&q=
** Robert A. Proctor, <cite>The American Mathematical Monthly</cite>, Vol. 100, No. 10 (Dec., 1993), pp. 937-941
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* [[수학사 연표]]
* http://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=
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*
* http://www.ams.org/mathscinet
 
* http://dx.doi.org/
 
  
 
+
  
 
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<h5 style="line-height: 3.428em; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 61, 103); font-family: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif; font-size: 1.166em; background-position: 0px 100%;">관련도서</h5>
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==메모==
 +
* <math>\bullet - \bullet</math>
 +
* http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/2DRootSystems/
 +
* reflection groups
 +
* lie algebras
 +
* Lie groups
 +
* algebraic groups
 +
* surfaces singularities
 +
* quiver
 +
* Platonic Solids
  
* 도서내검색<br>
+
   
** http://books.google.com/books?q=
 
** http://book.daum.net/search/contentSearch.do?query=
 
*  도서검색<br>
 
** http://books.google.com/books?q=
 
** http://book.daum.net/search/mainSearch.do?query=
 
** http://book.daum.net/search/mainSearch.do?query=
 
  
 
+
  
 
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==관련된 항목들==
 +
* [[리군과 리대수]]
  
<h5 style="line-height: 3.428em; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 61, 103); font-family: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif; font-size: 1.166em; background-position: 0px 100%;">관련기사</h5>
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 +
==매스매티카 파일 및 계산 리소스==
 +
* https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B8XXo8Tve1cxWTU1UnRqVlRrZ00/edit
 +
  
*  네이버 뉴스 검색 (키워드 수정)<br>
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==사전 형태의 자료==
** http://news.search.naver.com/search.naver?where=news&x=0&y=0&sm=tab_hty&query=
+
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/root_systems
** http://news.search.naver.com/search.naver?where=news&x=0&y=0&sm=tab_hty&query=
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* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram
** http://news.search.naver.com/search.naver?where=news&x=0&y=0&sm=tab_hty&query=
+
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_number
  
 
 
  
 
+
  
<h5 style="line-height: 3.428em; margin: 0px; color: rgb(34, 61, 103); font-family: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif; font-size: 1.166em; background-position: 0px 100%;">블로그</h5>
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==관련논문==
 +
* [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2324217 Two Amusing Dynkin Diagram Graph Classifications] Robert A. Proctor, <cite>The American Mathematical Monthly</cite>, Vol. 100, No. 10 (Dec., 1993), pp. 937-941
 +
[[분류:리군과 리대수]]
  
*  구글 블로그 검색<br>
+
==메타데이터==
** http://blogsearch.google.com/blogsearch?q=
+
===위키데이터===
* [http://navercast.naver.com/science/list 네이버 오늘의과학]
+
* ID : [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q534131 Q534131]
* [http://math.dongascience.com/ 수학동아]
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===Spacy 패턴 목록===
* [http://www.ams.org/mathmoments/ Mathematical Moments from the AMS]
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* [{'LOWER': 'root'}, {'LEMMA': 'system'}]
* [http://betterexplained.com/ BetterExplained]
 

2021년 2월 17일 (수) 04:41 기준 최신판

개요



정의

  • E를 내적이 주어진 유클리드 벡터공간이라 하자.
  • 다음 조건을 만족시키는 E의 유한인 부분집합 \(\Phi\)를 루트 시스템이라 한다.
    • \(\Phi\)는 E를 스팬(span)하며 \(0 \not \in \Phi\)
    • (reduced) \(\alpha \in \Phi\), \(\lambda \alpha \in \Phi \iff \lambda=\pm 1\)
    • \(\alpha,\beta \in \Phi\)이면 \(\sigma_\alpha(\beta) =\beta-2\frac{(\beta,\alpha)}{(\alpha,\alpha)}\alpha \in \Phi\)
    • \(\langle \beta, \alpha \rangle = 2 \frac{(\beta,\alpha)}{(\alpha,\alpha)} \in \mathbb{Z}\)
  • 마지막 조건을 crystallographic 또는 integrality 조건이라 한다
  • a subgroup of \(GL(V)\) is crystallographic if it stabilizes a lattice L in V
  • e.g. the Weyl group of a Lie algebra stabilizes the root lattice or the weight lattice

딘킨 다이어그램 (Dynkin diagram)

  • first draw the simple roots as nodes
  • draw \(4(e_i, e_j)^2\)lines for two roots \(e_i, e_j\)
  • \(\frac{\pi}{2}\) , \(\frac{\pi}{3}\), \(\frac{\pi}{4}\), \(\frac{\pi}{6}\) 0,1,2,3 lines




2차원 루트 시스템의 분류

  • \(A_1\times A_1\), \(A_2\), \(B_2\), \(G_2\)

A1 x A1

http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=r%3D1%2Bcos+(4theta)

A2

http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=r%3D1%2B+cos+(6theta)

B2

http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=r%3D1-+(sqrt2+%2B1)^2+cos+(4theta)

G2

http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=r%3D1-(sqrt+3+%2B1)^2cos+(6theta)/2

[1]

2696052-MSP45719773453e5409bcd000043c1iebh17cda58g.gif

2696052-MSP402197733f5dbe80g5d000056hb767e4digb412.gif

2696052-MSP132719772cfcfe659i75000064ieda8fh9d30h5e.gif

2696052-MSP98119772g2ig5gid8he000031i1h30a8gacdi00.gif




ADE 의 분류

(0) G cannot contain affine A_n, D_n, E_n

(1) G is a tree (contains no cycles = affine A_n)

(2) G has \leq 1 branch point (does not contain affine D_5, D_6,D_7, )

(3) branch point has order \leq 3 (affine D_4) What are length of legs of G?

Leg of length 0 -> G=A_n

so assume legs have length \geq 1

(4) Not all legs have length \geq 2 : cannot contain affine E_6

so one leg has length 1

2 legs of length 1 : G is D_n

so can assume 2 other legs have length \geq 2

(5) cannot have 2 legs length \geq 3 because of affine E_7

So G has 1 leg length 1, 1 of length 2, one of length \geq 2

length is \leq 4, as G does not contain affine E_8

So G is E6,E7, E8




일반적인 경우

  • how to classify all connected admissible diagrams
    • subdiagram is also admissible
    • there are at most (n-1) pairs of nodes
    • no node has more than 3 lines
    • study double lines and triple nodes




reflection groups

  • B_n, C_n, BC_n -> same reflection group (Z/nZ).S_n




역사



메모



관련된 항목들


매스매티카 파일 및 계산 리소스


사전 형태의 자료



관련논문

메타데이터

위키데이터

Spacy 패턴 목록

  • [{'LOWER': 'root'}, {'LEMMA': 'system'}]