"오일러-가우스 초기하함수2F1"의 두 판 사이의 차이
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* [[오일러-가우스 초기하함수2F1|오일러-가우스 초기하함수]]<br> | * [[오일러-가우스 초기하함수2F1|오일러-가우스 초기하함수]]<br> | ||
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* 초기하급수<br><math>\,_2F_1(a,b;c;z)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(a)_n(b)_n}{(c)_nn!}z^n, |z|<1</math><br> 여기서 <math>(a)_n=a(a+1)(a+2)...(a+n-1)</math>에 대해서는 [[Pochhammer 기호와 캐츠(Kac) 기호]] 항목 참조<br> | * 초기하급수<br><math>\,_2F_1(a,b;c;z)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(a)_n(b)_n}{(c)_nn!}z^n, |z|<1</math><br> 여기서 <math>(a)_n=a(a+1)(a+2)...(a+n-1)</math>에 대해서는 [[Pochhammer 기호와 캐츠(Kac) 기호]] 항목 참조<br> | ||
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− | <h5 style=" | + | <h5 style="MARGIN: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 2em;">초기하급수로 표현되는 함수의 예</h5> |
* 많은 special function 은 초기하함수의 파라미터를 변화시켜 얻어짐<br>[[타원적분]]<br><math>K(k) =\frac{\pi}{2}\,_2F_1(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2};1;k^2)</math><br><math>E(k) =\frac{\pi}{2}\,_2F_1(\frac{1}{2},-\frac{1}{2};1;k^2)</math><br> | * 많은 special function 은 초기하함수의 파라미터를 변화시켜 얻어짐<br>[[타원적분]]<br><math>K(k) =\frac{\pi}{2}\,_2F_1(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2};1;k^2)</math><br><math>E(k) =\frac{\pi}{2}\,_2F_1(\frac{1}{2},-\frac{1}{2};1;k^2)</math><br> | ||
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− | <h5 style=" | + | <h5 style="MARGIN: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 2em;">피카드-Fuchs 미분방정식</h5> |
* <math>\,_2F_1(a,b;c;z)</math> 는 다음 미분방정식의 해가 된다<br><math>z(1-z)\frac{d^2w}{dz^2}+(c-(a+b+1)z)\frac{dw}{dz}-abw = 0</math><br> | * <math>\,_2F_1(a,b;c;z)</math> 는 다음 미분방정식의 해가 된다<br><math>z(1-z)\frac{d^2w}{dz^2}+(c-(a+b+1)z)\frac{dw}{dz}-abw = 0</math><br> | ||
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− | <h5 style=" | + | <h5 style="MARGIN: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 2em;">오일러의 항등식</h5> |
<math>_2F_1 (a,b;c;z) = (1-z)^{-a} {}_2F_1 (a, c-b;c ; \frac{z}{z-1})</math> | <math>_2F_1 (a,b;c;z) = (1-z)^{-a} {}_2F_1 (a, c-b;c ; \frac{z}{z-1})</math> | ||
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− | <h5 style=" | + | <h5 style="MARGIN: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 2em;">contiguous 관계</h5> |
* 두 초기하급수가 있을 때, 세 파라미터가 정수만큼 다른 경우 contiguous라 함<br> | * 두 초기하급수가 있을 때, 세 파라미터가 정수만큼 다른 경우 contiguous라 함<br> | ||
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* [[제1종타원적분 K (complete elliptic integral of the first kind)]]<br>[[제1종타원적분 K (complete elliptic integral of the first kind)|]]<math>K(k) = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{d\theta}{\sqrt{1-k^2 \sin^2\theta}} = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n}{n!} k^{2n}\sin^{2n}\theta{d\theta} </math><br> | * [[제1종타원적분 K (complete elliptic integral of the first kind)]]<br>[[제1종타원적분 K (complete elliptic integral of the first kind)|]]<math>K(k) = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{d\theta}{\sqrt{1-k^2 \sin^2\theta}} = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n}{n!} k^{2n}\sin^{2n}\theta{d\theta} </math><br> | ||
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− | <h5 style=" | + | <h5 style="MARGIN: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 2em;">모듈라 함수와의 관계</h5> |
* [[라마누잔과 파이]]<br> | * [[라마누잔과 파이]]<br> | ||
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+ | '''[BB1998]'''[http://www.amazon.com/PI-AGM-Analytic-Computational-Complexity/dp/047131515X Pi and the AGM] | ||
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+ | * Jonathan M. Borwein, Peter B. Borwein, Wiley-Interscience (July 13, 1998) | ||
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+ | 179,180p | ||
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+ | '''[Nes2002] 159p''' | ||
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− | <h5 style=" | + | <h5 style="BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px 100%; FONT-SIZE: 1.16em; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: rgb(34,61,103); LINE-HEIGHT: 3.42em; FONT-FAMILY: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif;">special values</h5> |
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<math>\,_2F_1(a,b;c;1)=\dfrac{\Gamma(c)\,\Gamma(c-a-b)}{\Gamma(c-a)\Gamma(c-b)}</math> | <math>\,_2F_1(a,b;c;1)=\dfrac{\Gamma(c)\,\Gamma(c-a-b)}{\Gamma(c-a)\Gamma(c-b)}</math> | ||
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* [[수학사연표 (역사)|수학사연표]] | * [[수학사연표 (역사)|수학사연표]] | ||
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* [[periods]]<br> | * [[periods]]<br> | ||
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− | <h5 style=" | + | <h5 style="BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px 100%; FONT-SIZE: 1.16em; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: rgb(34,61,103); LINE-HEIGHT: 3.42em; FONT-FAMILY: 'malgun gothic',dotum,gulim,sans-serif;">수학용어번역</h5> |
* http://www.google.com/dictionary?langpair=en|ko&q= | * http://www.google.com/dictionary?langpair=en|ko&q= | ||
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* [http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%98%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98 http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/초기하함수] | * [http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%98%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98 http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/초기하함수] | ||
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* http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i= | * http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i= | ||
* [http://dlmf.nist.gov/ NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions] | * [http://dlmf.nist.gov/ NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions] | ||
− | * [http://www.research.att.com/ | + | * [http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/index.html The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences]<br> |
** http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/?q= | ** http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/?q= | ||
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− | <h5 style=" | + | <h5 style="MARGIN: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 2em;">expository articles</h5> |
* [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2975319 On the Kummer Solutions of the Hypergeometric Equation]<br> | * [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2975319 On the Kummer Solutions of the Hypergeometric Equation]<br> | ||
− | ** Reese T. Prosser, <cite style=" | + | ** Reese T. Prosser, <cite style="LINE-HEIGHT: 2em;">The American Mathematical Monthly</cite>, Vol. 101, No. 6 (Jun. - Jul., 1994), pp. 535-543 |
* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/RM1990v045n01ABEH002325 Ramanujan and hypergeometric and basic hypergeometric series]<br> | * [http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/RM1990v045n01ABEH002325 Ramanujan and hypergeometric and basic hypergeometric series]<br> | ||
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* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2005.05.016 On the contiguous relations of hypergeometric series]<br> | * [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2005.05.016 On the contiguous relations of hypergeometric series]<br> | ||
** Medhat A. Rakha, Adel K. Ibrahim, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Volume 192, Issue 2, 1 August 2006, Pages 396-410 | ** Medhat A. Rakha, Adel K. Ibrahim, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Volume 192, Issue 2, 1 August 2006, Pages 396-410 | ||
− | * [http://people.math.jussieu.fr/ | + | * [http://people.math.jussieu.fr/~miw/articles/pdf/TranscendencePeriods.pdf Transcendence of periods: the state of the art.]<br> |
** M. Waldschmidt., Pure Appl. Math. Q. 2 (2006), 435-463.<br> | ** M. Waldschmidt., Pure Appl. Math. Q. 2 (2006), 435-463.<br> | ||
* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-314X%2803%2900042-8 Exceptional sets of hypergeometric series]<br> | * [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-314X%2803%2900042-8 Exceptional sets of hypergeometric series]<br> | ||
** Natália Archinard, Journal of Number Theory Volume 101, Issue 2, August 2003, Pages 244-269<br> | ** Natália Archinard, Journal of Number Theory Volume 101, Issue 2, August 2003, Pages 244-269<br> | ||
− | * [http://books.google.com/books?id=Up-XxkiTtdsC&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=On+the+Algebraic+Independence+of+Numbers+Yu.V.+Nesterenko&source=bl&ots=yOVhiH5ukL&sig=x0GqVIluMqw-_Iaf3tXtKxam50Q&hl=ko&ei=KIwRTPiwB4rcNcSE8ccF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20Algebraic%20Independence%20of%20Numbers%20Yu.V.%20Nesterenko&f=false On the Algebraic Independence of Numbers]<br> | + | * '''[Nes2002]'''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Up-XxkiTtdsC&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=On+the+Algebraic+Independence+of+Numbers+Yu.V.+Nesterenko&source=bl&ots=yOVhiH5ukL&sig=x0GqVIluMqw-_Iaf3tXtKxam50Q&hl=ko&ei=KIwRTPiwB4rcNcSE8ccF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20Algebraic%20Independence%20of%20Numbers%20Yu.V.%20Nesterenko&f=false On the Algebraic Independence of Numbers]<br> |
** Yu.V. Nesterenko, in <em>A panorama in number theory, or, The view from Baker's garden</em> (by Alan Baker,Gisbert Wüstholz), 2002<br> | ** Yu.V. Nesterenko, in <em>A panorama in number theory, or, The view from Baker's garden</em> (by Alan Baker,Gisbert Wüstholz), 2002<br> | ||
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* 도서내검색<br> | * 도서내검색<br> | ||
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* 네이버 뉴스 검색 (키워드 수정)<br> | * 네이버 뉴스 검색 (키워드 수정)<br> | ||
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* 구글 블로그 검색<br> | * 구글 블로그 검색<br> |
2010년 6월 24일 (목) 13:08 판
이 항목의 스프링노트 원문주소
개요
- 초기하급수
\(\,_2F_1(a,b;c;z)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(a)_n(b)_n}{(c)_nn!}z^n, |z|<1\)
여기서 \((a)_n=a(a+1)(a+2)...(a+n-1)\)에 대해서는 Pochhammer 기호와 캐츠(Kac) 기호 항목 참조 - 적분표현
\(\,_2F_1(a,b;c;z)=\frac{\Gamma(c)}{\Gamma(c-a)\Gamma(a)}\int_0^1t^{a-1}(1-t)^{c-a-1}(1-zt)^{-b}\,dt\) - 초기하급수의 해석적확장을 통해 얻어진 함수를 초기하함수라 함
- 오일러, 가우스, 쿰머, 리만 등의 연구
초기하급수로 표현되는 함수의 예
- 많은 special function 은 초기하함수의 파라미터를 변화시켜 얻어짐
타원적분
\(K(k) =\frac{\pi}{2}\,_2F_1(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2};1;k^2)\)
\(E(k) =\frac{\pi}{2}\,_2F_1(\frac{1}{2},-\frac{1}{2};1;k^2)\)
피카드-Fuchs 미분방정식
- \(\,_2F_1(a,b;c;z)\) 는 다음 미분방정식의 해가 된다
\(z(1-z)\frac{d^2w}{dz^2}+(c-(a+b+1)z)\frac{dw}{dz}-abw = 0\) - 초기하 미분방정식(Hypergeometric differential equations) 참조
오일러의 항등식
\(_2F_1 (a,b;c;z) = (1-z)^{-a} {}_2F_1 (a, c-b;c ; \frac{z}{z-1})\)
\(_2F_1 (a,b;c;z) = (1-z)^{-b}{}_2F_1(c-a,b;c;\frac{z}{z-1})\)
\(_2F_1 (a,b;c;z) = (1-z)^{c-a-b}{}_2F_1 (c-a, c-b;c ; z)\)
(증명)
다음 적분표현을 활용
\(\,_2F_1(a,b;c;z)=\frac{\Gamma(c)}{\Gamma(c-a)\Gamma(a)}\int_0^1t^{a-1}(1-t)^{c-a-1}(1-zt)^{-b}\,dt\)
위의 우변에서 \(t\to 1-t\), \(t\to \frac{t}{1-z-tz}\), \(t\to \frac{1-t}{1-tz}\)의 변환을 이용하면 항등식이 얻어진다. ■
- 쿰머의 초기하 미분방정식(Hypergeometric differential equations)에 대한 24개의 해를 표현하는데 사용됨
contiguous 관계
- 두 초기하급수가 있을 때, 세 파라미터가 정수만큼 다른 경우 contiguous라 함
- 예
\(_2F_1(a,b;c;z)\)와 \(_2F_1(a\pm1,b;c;z)\)
\(_2F_1(a,b;c;z)\)와 \(_2F_1(a1,b;c\pm1;z)\) - \(_2F_1(a,b;c;z)\)와 contiguous 관계를 갖는 두 초기하급수가 있을 때, 이 세 초기하급수 사이에는 a,b,c,z를 계수로 갖는 선형종속 관계가 성립
\(a(z-1)F (a + 1, b; c; z) + (2a-c-az + bz)F(a, b; c; z) + (c - a)F(a - 1, b; c; z) = 0\)
\(aF(a + 1, b; c; z) - (c - 1)F (a, b; c - 1; z) + (c - a - 1)F (a, b; c; z) = 0\)
\(aF(a + 1, b; c; z) - bF(a, b + 1; c; z) + (b - a)F(a, b; c; z) = 0\)
타원적분과 초기하급수
- 제1종타원적분 K (complete elliptic integral of the first kind)
[[제1종타원적분 K (complete elliptic integral of the first kind)|]]\(K(k) = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{d\theta}{\sqrt{1-k^2 \sin^2\theta}} = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n}{n!} k^{2n}\sin^{2n}\theta{d\theta} \)
(증명)
\(\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin^{2n}\theta{d\theta}=\frac{\pi}{2}\frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n}{(1)_n}\) (감마함수) 이므로
\(K(k) = \frac{\pi}{2}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{(\frac{1}{2})_n(\frac{1}{2})_n}{n!(1)_n}k^{2n} = \frac{\pi}{2}\,_2F_1(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2};1;k^2)\)
모듈라 함수와의 관계
[BB1998]Pi and the AGM
- Jonathan M. Borwein, Peter B. Borwein, Wiley-Interscience (July 13, 1998)
179,180p
[Nes2002] 159p
special values
\(\,_2F_1(a,b;c;1)=\dfrac{\Gamma(c)\,\Gamma(c-a-b)}{\Gamma(c-a)\Gamma(c-b)}\)
\(\frac{\pi}{2}\,_2F_1(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2};1;\frac{1}{2})=K(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})=\frac{1}{4}B(1/4,1/4)=\frac{\Gamma(\frac{1}{4})^2}{4\sqrt{\pi}}=1.8540746773\cdots\)
\(_2F_1(\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{3};\frac{5}{6};\frac{27}{32})=\frac{8}{5}\)
\(_2F_1(\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{2};\frac{3}{4};\frac{80}{81})=\frac{9}{5}\)
\(_2F_1(\frac{1}{8},\frac{3}{8};\frac{1}{2};\frac{2400}{2401})=\frac{2}{3}\sqrt{7}\)
\(_2F_1(\frac{1}{6},\frac{1}{3};\frac{1}{2};\frac{25}{27})=\frac{3}{4}\sqrt{3}\)
\(_2F_1(\frac{1}{6},\frac{1}{2};\frac{2}{3};\frac{125}{128})=\frac{4}{3}\sqrt[6]2\)
\(_2F_1(\frac{1}{12},\frac{5}{12};\frac{1}{2};\frac{1323}{1331})=\frac{3}{4}\sqrt[4]{11}\)
\(_2F_1(\frac{1}{12},\frac{5}{12};\frac{1}{2};\frac{121}{125})=\frac{\sqrt[6]{2}\sqrt[4]{15}}{4\sqrt{\pi}}\frac{\Gamma(\frac{1}{3})^3}{\Gamma(\frac{1}{4})^2}(1+\sqrt{3})\)
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HypergeometricFunction.html
재미있는 사실
역사
메모
관련된 항목들
수학용어번역
사전 형태의 자료
- http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/초기하함수
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hypergeometric_functions
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hypergeometric_identities
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hypergeometric_differential_equation
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_solution_to_the_hypergeometric_equation
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
- http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=
- NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions
- The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
expository articles
- On the Kummer Solutions of the Hypergeometric Equation
- Reese T. Prosser, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 101, No. 6 (Jun. - Jul., 1994), pp. 535-543
- Ramanujan and hypergeometric and basic hypergeometric series
- R Askey 1990 Russ. Math. Surv. 45 37-86
관련논문
- On the contiguous relations of hypergeometric series
- Medhat A. Rakha, Adel K. Ibrahim, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Volume 192, Issue 2, 1 August 2006, Pages 396-410
- Transcendence of periods: the state of the art.
- M. Waldschmidt., Pure Appl. Math. Q. 2 (2006), 435-463.
- M. Waldschmidt., Pure Appl. Math. Q. 2 (2006), 435-463.
- Exceptional sets of hypergeometric series
- Natália Archinard, Journal of Number Theory Volume 101, Issue 2, August 2003, Pages 244-269
- Natália Archinard, Journal of Number Theory Volume 101, Issue 2, August 2003, Pages 244-269
- [Nes2002]On the Algebraic Independence of Numbers
- Yu.V. Nesterenko, in A panorama in number theory, or, The view from Baker's garden (by Alan Baker,Gisbert Wüstholz), 2002
- Yu.V. Nesterenko, in A panorama in number theory, or, The view from Baker's garden (by Alan Baker,Gisbert Wüstholz), 2002
- Special values of the hypergeometric series III
- Joyce, G. S.; Zucker, I. J., Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (2002), 133 : 213-222
- Special values of the hypergeometric series II
- Joyce, G. S.; Zucker, I. J., Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (2001), 131 : 309-319
- Special values of the hypergeometric series
- Joyce, G. S.; Zucker, I. J., Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1991) volume: 109 issue: 2 page: 257
- Werte hypergeometrischer funktionen
- Jürgen Wolfart, Inventiones Mathematicae Volume 92, Number 1 / 1988년 2월
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