@@ 1번째 줄: / 1번째 줄: @@
-==overview==
-* Siegel theta series
-* Siegel modular forms
-* Siegel-Weil formula
-==modular forms==
-* $\mathbb{H}=\{\tau\in \mathbb{C}|\Im \tau>0\}$
-* modular group $\Gamma=SL(2, \mathbb Z) = \left \{ \left. \left ( \begin{array}{cc}a & b \\ c & d \end{array} \right )\right| a, b, c, d \in \mathbb Z,\ ad-bc = 1 \right \}$
-* $\operatorname{PSL}(2,\mathbb{Z})=\operatorname{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})/\{\pm I\}$ acts on $\mathbb{H}$ by
-:<math>\tau\mapsto\frac{a\tau+b}{c\tau+d}</math>
-for $\left ( \begin{array}{cc}a & b \\ c & d \end{array} \right )\in \operatorname{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z})$
-;def
-A holomorphic function $f:\mathbb{H}\to \mathbb{C}$ is a modular form of weight $k$ (w.r.t. $SL(2, \mathbb Z)$) if
-# <math>f \left( \frac{ a\tau +b}{ c\tau + d} \right) = (c\tau +d)^{k} f(\tau)</math>
-# $f$ is "holomorphic at the cusp", i.e. it has a Fourier expansion of the following form
-$$
-f(\tau)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}a(n)e^{2\pi i n \tau}
-$$
-===Eisenstein series===
-* for an integer $k\geq 2$, define the Eisenstein series by
-$$
-E_{2k}(\tau) : =\frac{1}{2}\sum_{
-\substack{
-(c,d)\in \mathbb{Z}^2\\
-(c,d)=1
-}}
-\frac{1}{(c\tau+d )^{2k}}
-$$
-* Fourier expansion
-:<math>E_{2k}(\tau):= 1+\frac {2}{\zeta(1-2k)}\left(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sigma_{2k-1}(n)q^{n} \right)=1-\frac {4k}{B_{2k}}\left(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sigma_{2k-1}(n)q^{n} \right)</math>
-where $\zeta$ denotes the Riemann zeta function, $B_k$ Bernoulli number and $\sigma_r(n)=\sum_{d|n}d^r$
-* this is a modular form of weight $2k$
-* for example
-:<math>E_4(\tau)= 1+ 240\sum_{n=1}^\infty \sigma_3(n) q^{n}=1 + 240 q + 2160 q^2 + \cdots </math>
-:<math>E_6(\tau)=1- 504\sum_{n=1}^\infty \sigma_5(n) q^{n}=1 - 504 q - 16632 q^2 - \cdots </math>
-===the space of modular forms===
-;thm
-Let $M_k$ be the space of modular forms of weight $k$ and $M:=\bigoplus_{k\in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0}} M_k$. We have
-:<math>M=\mathbb{C}[E_4,E_6]</math>
-* dimension generating function
-$$
-\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\dim M_k x^k=\frac{1}{\left(1-x^4\right)\left(1-x^{6}\right)}=1+x^4+x^6+x^8+x^{10}+2 x^{12}+x^{14}+2 x^{16}+2 x^{18}+2 x^{20}+\cdots
-$$
-==theta functions==
-===notation===
-* $\Lambda\subset \mathbb{R}^n$ : integral lattice, i.e. a free abelian group with a positive definite symmetric bilinear form, i.e. $x\cdot y\in \mathbb{Z}$ for all $x,y\in \Lambda$
-* we will assume that $\Lambda$ is even, i.e., $x\cdot x\in 2\mathbb{Z}$
-* for a basis of $\Lambda$, fix $M$, $n\times n$ matrix whose each row is a basis element
-* $A:=M^tM$, Gram matrix of $\Lambda$
-===definition===
-* old problem in number theory : find the number of representations of a given integer by the quadratic form associated to $\Lambda$
-* for a given integer $N$, determine the size of the set $\{x\in\Lambda|x\cdot x=2N\}$ or $\{\zeta\in \mathbb{Z}^n|\zeta A \zeta^{t} =2N\}$
-* denote it by $a(N)$
-* theta function of $\Lambda$ is a holomorphic function on $\mathbb{H}$ given by
-$$
-\Theta_\Lambda(\tau)=\sum_{x\in\Lambda}q^{\frac{x\cdot x}{2}}=\sum_{N=0}^\infty a(N)q^{N},
-$$
-where $q=e^{2\pi i \tau}$
-==on theta functions of positive definite even unimodular lattices==
-===8차원===
-* $\dim M_4=1$ and thus
-$$\theta_{E_8}(\tau)=E_4(\tau)=1+240 q+2160 q^2+6720 q^3+17520 q^4+30240 q^5+\cdots$$
-===16차원===
-* $\dim M_8=1$, $E_8=E_4^2$ and
-$$
-\theta_{E_8\oplus E_8}(\tau)=\theta_{D_{16}^{+}}(\tau)=E_8(\tau)\\
-E_8(\tau)=1+480 q+61920 q^2+1050240 q^3+7926240 q^4+\cdots
-$$
-===24차원===
-* {{수학노트|url=24차원_짝수_자기쌍대_격자}}의 세타함수
-* modular form of weight 12
-* $M_{12}=\mathbb{C}\langle E_4^3,E_6^2\rangle$
-* let ${\rm gen}(L)$ be the set of all isomorphim classes of 24-dimensional positive definite even unimodular lattices
-* to compute $\theta_{\Lambda}$, find $a,b$ such that $\theta_{\Lambda}=a E_4^3+ bE_6^2$
-* we can easily determine $a,b$ once we know the number $r$ of roots in $\Lambda$ (the coefficient of $q$ in $\theta_{\Lambda}$) by solving
-$$ \left\{ \begin{array}{c} a+b=1 \\ 720 a - 1008 b=r \end{array} \right. $$
-* weighted average
-$$\left(\sum_{\Lambda\in {\rm gen}(L)}\frac{\Theta_{\Lambda}(\tau)}{|{\rm Aut}(\Lambda)|}\right)\,\cdot\,
-\left(\sum_{\Lambda\in {\rm gen}(L)}\frac{1}{|{\rm Aut}(\Lambda)|}\right)^{-1}=?$$
-* we get
-$$\left( \sum_{\Lambda\in {\rm gen}(L)}\frac{\Theta_{\Lambda}(\tau)}{|{\rm Aut}(\Lambda)|}\right)\,\cdot\,
-\left(\sum_{\Lambda\in {\rm gen}(L)}\frac{1}{|{\rm Aut}(\Lambda)|}\right)^{-1}=E_{12}(\tau)$$
-where $E_{12}$ is the Eisenstein series
-$$
-E_{12}(\tau)=1+\frac{65520 q}{691}+\frac{134250480 q^2}{691}+\frac{11606736960 q^3}{691}+\frac{274945048560 q^4}{691}+\frac{3199218815520 q^5}{691}+\cdots
-$$
-==Siegel theta series==
-* {{수학노트|url=격자의_지겔_세타_급수}}
-* for $g\in \mathbb{N}$ and $\Lambda$ of rank $n$, we will define the Siegel theta series $\Theta_\Lambda^{(g)}$ of degree (or genus) $g$ ($g$ comes from the genus of Riemann surfaces)
-* $g=1$ case recovers $\Theta_\Lambda^{(1)}=\Theta_\Lambda$
-;def (half-integral matrix)
-A symmetric matrix $N\in \operatorname{GL}(g,\mathbb{Q})$ is called half-integral if $2N$ has integral entries with even integers on the diagonal
-===representations of a quadratic form by another quadratic form===
-* we want to find the number of representations of a quadratic form by the quadratic form of $\Lambda$
-* let $g\leq n$
-* $\underline{x}$ : $g\times n$ matrix whose row is an element of $\Lambda$
-* for each half-integral $g\times g$ matrix $\underline{N}=(N_{ij})$, let $a(\underline{N})$ be the number of elements in $\{\underline{x}=(x_i)\in\Lambda^{g}| x_i\cdot x_j=2N_{ij}\}$
-* a given $\underline{x}$ can be written as $\underline{x}=\underline{\zeta}M$ for some $\underline{\zeta}$, a $g\times n$ integer matrix
-* $a(\underline{N})$ is the number of elements in $\{\underline{\zeta}\in\mathbb{Z}^{g,n}|\underline{\zeta} A \underline{\zeta}^t =2\underline{N}\}$
-===definition===
-* Let $\tau=(\tau_{ij})$ be a symmetric $g\times g$ matrix
-* for $\Lambda$, the theta series $\Theta_\Lambda^{(g)}$ of genus $g$ is defined by
-$$
-\begin{align}
-\Theta_\Lambda^{(g)}(\tau)&=\sum_{\underline{x}\in\Lambda^{g}}e^{\pi i\operatorname{Tr}(\underline{x}\cdot \underline{x} \tau)}\\
-&=\sum_{\underline{\zeta}\in\mathbb{Z}^{g,n}}e^{\pi i\operatorname{Tr}(\underline{\zeta} A \underline{\zeta}^{t}\tau)}\\
-&=\sum_{\underline{N}:\text{h.i.}} a(\underline{N})e^{2\pi i\operatorname{Tr}(\underline{N}\tau)}
-\end{align} \label{tg}
-$$
-===note on trace===
-* in the last equality, we used the following property of trace
-* for two $n\times n$ matrices $A=(a_{ij})$ and $B=(b_{ij})$,
-$$
-\operatorname{tr}(AB)=\sum_{i,j=1}^{n}a_{ij}b_{ji}
-$$
-* if $A$ and $B$ are symmetric,
-$$
-\operatorname{tr}(AB)=\sum_{i,j=1}^{n}a_{ij}b_{ij}
-$$
-* the series \ref{tg} converges absolutely if $\tau$ is an element of
-$$
-\mathcal{H}_g:=\left\{\tau \in \operatorname{Mat}_{g \times g}(\mathbb{C}) \ \big| \ \tau^{\mathrm{T}}=\tau, \textrm{Im}(\tau) \text{  positive definite} \right\}
-$$
-* it is a holomorphic function on $\mathcal{H}_g$
-==Siegel theta functions of even unimodular lattices==
-===8차원===
-* $g=2$ case
-* Fourier coefficient of $\Theta_{E_8}^{(2)}$
-* $N = \Bigl( {a \atop b/2} \thinspace {b/2 \atop c} \Bigr) \in
-\operatorname{Mat}_{2\times 2}({1 \over 2}\Z)$, positive semi-definite, half-integral matrix
-* for $\tau=\left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
- \tau _1 & z \\
- z & \tau _2
-\end{array}
-\right)$,
-$$
-\operatorname{Tr}(N\tau)=a \tau _1+b z+c \tau _2
-$$
-* by setting $q_i=e^{2\pi i \tau_i}$, $\zeta=e^{2\pi i z}$, we get
-$$\exp(2\pi i \operatorname{Tr}(N\tau))=q_1^a\zeta^bq_2^c$$
-* let us compute $a(N)$ for $N=
-\left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
-& 0 \\
-& 0
-\end{array}
-\right), \left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
-& 0 \\
-& 0
-\end{array}
-\right), \left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
-& 0 \\
-& 1
-\end{array}
-\right)$.
-* for the third one, we may use the following property of the $E_8$ root system $\Phi$
-# for a given $v\in \Phi$, there exist 126 elements in $\Phi$ orthogonal to $v$
-# 240*126=30240
-* table
-$$
-\begin{array}{c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c}
- N & \left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
-& 0 \\
-& 0
-\end{array}
-\right) & \left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
-& 0 \\
-& 0
-\end{array}
-\right) & \left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
-& 0 \\
-& 1
-\end{array}
-\right) & \left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
-& 0 \\
-& 0
-\end{array}
-\right) & \left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
-& 0 \\
-& 2
-\end{array}
-\right) & \left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
-& -1 \\
- -1 & 1
-\end{array}
-\right) & \left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
-& -\frac{1}{2} \\
- -\frac{1}{2} & 1
-\end{array}
-\right) & \left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
-& 0 \\
-& 1
-\end{array}
-\right) & \left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
-& \frac{1}{2} \\
- \frac{1}{2} & 1
-\end{array}
-\right) & \left(
-\begin{array}{cc}
-& 1 \\
-& 1
-\end{array}
-\right) \\
-\hline
- a(N) & 1 & 240 & 240 & 2160 & 2160 & 240 & 13440 & 30240 & 13440 & 240 \\
-\hline
- \exp(2\pi i \operatorname{Tr}(N\tau)) & 1 & q_1 & q_2 & q_1^2 & q_2^2 & \frac{q_1 q_2}{\zeta^2} & \frac{q_1 q_2}{\zeta} & q_1 q_2 & q_1 q_2 \zeta & q_1 q_2 \zeta^2
-\end{array}
-$$
-===16차원===
-* $E_8\oplus E_8$ and $D_{16}^{+}$ lattice
-* for $g=1,2,3$, $\Theta_{E_8\oplus E_8}^{(g)}=\Theta_{D_{16}^{+}}^{(g)}$
-* $\Theta^{(4)}_{E_8\oplus E_8}\neq \Theta^{(4)}_{D_{16}^{+}}$
-* $\Theta^{(4)}_{E_8\oplus E_8}-\Theta^{(4)}_{D_{16}^{+}}$, Siegel cusp form of weight 8 called the Schottky form
-===24차원===
-* for 24 Niemeier lattices, the associated theta series are linearly dependent in degree $\leq$ 11 and linearly independent in degree 12 (Borcherds-Freitag-Weissauer, 1998)
-;thm
-For a positive definite even unimodular lattice $\Lambda$, $\theta^{(g)}_{\Lambda}$ is a Siegel modular form of weight $\frac{n}{2}$ w.r.t. $\Gamma_g$
-==symplectic group==
-* symplectic group $\Gamma_g:=\operatorname{Sp}(2g,\Z)=\{M\in \operatorname{GL}(2g,\mathbb{Z})|M^T J_{g} M = J_{g}\}$
-where
-$$
-J_{g} =\begin{pmatrix}0 & I_g \\-I_g & 0 \\\end{pmatrix}
-$$
-* $2g\times 2g$ matrix
-* one can check that for
-$$M=\begin{pmatrix}A & B \\ C & D \\\end{pmatrix}\in \Gamma_g,$$
-$$
-\begin{align}
-A^tC=C^tA \\
-B^tD=D^tB \\
-A^tD-C^tB= I_g
-\end{align}
-$$
-* the lattice $\mathbb{Z}^{2g}$ of rank $2g$ with basis $a_1,\cdots, a_g,b_1\cdots,b_g$ with the symplectic form
-$$
-\langle a_i,b_j \rangle = \begin{cases} 1, & \text{if }i=j\\ 0, & \text{if }i\neq j \\ \end{cases}
-$$
-* then $\Gamma_g=\operatorname{Aut}(\mathbb{Z}^{2g},\langle,\rangle)$
-* note that
-$$
-\begin{pmatrix} I_g & S \\ 0& I_g  \\\end{pmatrix} \in \Gamma_g
-$$
-for any symmetric integral matrix $S$
-==Siegel upper-half space==
-* $\mathcal{H}_g$
-$$
-\mathcal{H}_g=\left\{\tau \in \operatorname{Mat}_{g \times g}(\mathbb{C}) \ \big| \ \tau^{\mathrm{T}}=\tau, \textrm{Im}(\tau) \text{  positive definite} \right\}
-$$
-* there is an action of $\Gamma_g$ on $\mathcal{H}_g$ by
-$$
-\tau\mapsto \gamma(\tau)=(A\tau +B)(C\tau + D)^{-1}
-$$
-* we need to check that $C\tau + D$ Is invertible and $\Im{\gamma(\tau)}>0 $
-===Riemann bilinear relation===
-* {{수학노트|url=리만_곡면의_주기_행렬과_겹선형_관계_(bilinear_relation)}}
-* $X$ : compact Riemann surface of genus $g$
-* there exists a basis <math>a_1, \dots, a_g,b_1,\cdots,b_g</math> of <math>H_1(X, \mathbb{Z}) \cong \mathbb{Z}^{2g}</math> with the intersection pairing (canonical homology basis)
-$$
-\langle a_i,b_j \rangle = \begin{cases} 1, & \text{if }i=j\\ 0, & \text{if }i\neq j \\ \end{cases}
-$$
-* there exists a basis of the space of holomorphic 1-form, $\omega_1,\cdots,\omega_{g}$ such that
-$$
-\int_{a_i}\omega_j=\delta_{ij}
-$$
-* if we set $\tau_{i,j}=\int_{b_i}\omega_j$, then $\tau=(\tau_{i,j})_{1\leq i,j\leq g}$ satisfies the following properties
-# $\tau^{\mathrm{T}}=\tau$
-# $\textrm{Im}(\tau)$ is positive definite
-* this is called the Riemann bilinear relation
-* $\tau\in \mathcal{H}_g$ and and it is called a period matrix of $X$
-* $\mathcal{A}_g=\mathcal{H}_g/\Gamma_g$ : moduli space of principally polarized abelian varieties
-==Siegel modular forms==
-* {{수학노트|url=지겔_모듈라_형식}}
-;definition
-A holomorphic function $f:\mathcal{H}_g\to \mathbb{C}$ is a Siegel modular form of weight k and genus(or degree) $g$ if
-$$
-f \left( (A\tau +B)(C\tau + D)^{-1}\right) = \det(C\tau +D)^{k} f(\tau),\, \forall \begin{pmatrix}A & B \\ C & D \\\end{pmatrix}\in \Gamma_g
-$$
-and it must be holomorphic at the cusp if $g=1$
-* denote the vector space of such functions as $M_k(\Gamma_g)$
-===Fourier expansion===
-* note that
-$$
-\begin{pmatrix} I_g & S \\ 0& I_g  \\\end{pmatrix}\cdot \tau = \tau+S
-$$
-* $f\in M_k(\Gamma_g)$ satisfies $f(\tau+S)=f(\tau)$ for any symmetric integral $S$
-* we get the following expansion
-$$
-f(q_{11},\cdots, q_{gg})=\sum_{n_{11},\cdots, n_{ij},\cdots, n_{gg}\in \mathbb{Z}}a(n_{11},\cdots, n_{gg})q_{11}^{n_{11}}\cdots q_{gg}^{n_{gg}} \label{fou1}
-$$
-where $q_{ij}=e^{2\pi i \tau_{ij}}$, $i\leq j$
-* define a symmetric matrix $N=(N_{ij})_{1\leq i,j\leq g}$ as
-$$
-N_{ij}=
-\begin{cases}
- n_{ii}, & \text{if $i=j$}\\
- n_{ij}/2, & \text{if $i\neq j$}
-\end{cases}
-$$
-* $\operatorname{Tr}(N\tau)=\sum_{i=1}^{g}N_{ii}\tau_{ii}+2\sum_{1\leq i<j\leq g}N_{ij}\tau_{ij}$
-* $\exp(2\pi i \operatorname{Tr}(N\tau))=q_{11}^{n_{11}}\cdots q_{gg}^{n_{gg}}$
-* \ref{fou1} can be rewritten as
-$$f(\tau)=\sum_{N}a(N)\exp\left(2\pi i \operatorname{Tr}(N\tau)\right)$$
-where the summation is over $N=(N_{ij})\in \operatorname{Mat}_g(\frac{1}{2}\mathbb{Z})$ half-integral matrix
-;Koecher Principle
-For a Siegel modular form $f\in M_k(\Gamma_g)$, if $N$ is not a positive semi-definite matrix, then $a(N)=0$. (this is why holomorphicity at the cusp is not necessary if $g>1$)
-==지겔 모듈라 형식의 예==
-* [[격자의 지겔 세타 급수]]
-* {{수학노트|url=지겔-아이젠슈타인_급수}}
-$$
-E_{k}^{(g)}(\tau) = \sum_{(C,D)} \frac{1}{\det(C\tau +D)^{k}}
-$$
-where the summation is over all
-$$
-\begin{pmatrix}A & B \\ C & D \\\end{pmatrix}\in \Gamma_{g,0}\backslash \Gamma_{g}
-$$
-and
-$$
-\Gamma_{g,0}=\{\begin{pmatrix}A & B \\ 0 & D \\\end{pmatrix}\in \Gamma_{g}\}
-$$
-(the summation extends over all classes of coprime symmetric pairs, i. e. over all inequivalent bottom rows of elements of $\Gamma_g$ with respect to left multiplications by unimodular integer matrices of degree $g$. In other words, the sum is over a full set of representatives for the cosets $\operatorname{GL}(g,\mathbb{Z})\backslash \Gamma_{g}$)
-* [[Fourier coefficients of Siegel-Eisenstein series]]
-==Siegel-Weil formula==
-* [[Siegel-Weil formula]]
-* {{수학노트|url=지겔-베유_공식}}
-;thm
-For a positive definite even unimodular lattice $L$,
-$$\left( \sum_{M\in {\rm gen}(L)}\frac{\Theta_M^{(g)}(Z)}{|{\rm Aut}(M)|}\right)\,\cdot\,
-\left(\sum_{M\in {\rm gen}(L)}\frac{1}{|{\rm Aut}(M)|}\right)^{-1}=
-E^{(g)}_{k}(Z),$$
-Moreover, the Fourier coefficients $a_{E}(N)$ of $E$ can be expressed as an infinite product of [[Local density of quadratic form|local densities]]
-$$
-a_{E}(N)=\prod_{p:\text{primes}}\beta_{L,p}(N) \label{lp}
-$$
-===mass formula===
-* for a half-integral $N$,
-$$
-a_{E}(N)=\left( \sum_{M\in {\rm gen}(L)}\frac{r_M(N)}{|{\rm Aut}(M)|}\right)\,\cdot\,
-\left(\sum_{M\in {\rm gen}(L)}\frac{1}{|{\rm Aut}(M)|}\right)^{-1}
-$$
-where $\Theta_M^{(g)}(Z)=\sum_{N}r_M(N)\exp\left(2\pi i \operatorname{Tr}(N\tau)\right)$
-* if $2N$ is a Gram matrix of $L$, then we obtain
-$$
-a_{E}(N)=\left(\sum_{M\in {\rm gen}(L)}\frac{1}{|{\rm Aut}(M)|}\right)^{-1}
-$$
-as
-$$
-r_M(N) = \begin{cases} |\operatorname{Aut}(L)|, & \text{if }L\sim M \\ 0, & \text{if }L\nsim M \\ \end{cases}
-$$
-* then we can express
-$$
-a_{E}(N)=\left(\sum_{M\in {\rm gen}(L)}\frac{1}{|{\rm Aut}(M)|}\right)^{-1}
-$$
-in terms of local densities \ref{lp}, which gives the Smith-Minkowski-Siegel mass formula
-[[분류:talks and lecture notes]]
-[[분류:theta]]
-[[분류:migrate]]

"Talk on Siegel theta series and modular forms"의 두 판 사이의 차이

2020년 11월 12일 (목) 05:37 판

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