구면조화함수(spherical harmonics)
개요
- 3차원 공간에서 정의된 조화다항식의 구면에 제한(restrict)하여 얻어지는 구면 위에 정의되는 함수를 일반적으로 구면조화함수라 함
- 3차원 회전군 SO(3)의 \(L^2(S^2)\) 에서의 표현론으로 이해
- $S^2=SO(3)/SO(2)$
- 양자역학에서 원자모형을 이해하는데 중요한 역할
- 오비탈 각운동량 항목 참조
정의
- \(l\in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0}\), \(-l \leq m \leq l\)에 대하여, \(Y_{l}^{m}(\theta,\phi)\)을 다음과 같이 정의
\[Y_l^m(\theta ,\phi )=\sqrt{(2l+1)/(4\pi )}\sqrt{(l-m)!/(l+m)!}P_l^m(\cos (\theta ))e^{im\phi }\] 여기서 $P_l^m(x)$는 르장드르 다항식(associated Legendre polynomials)
테이블
- l=0
\(\left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\pi }} \end{array} \right)\)
- l=1
\(\left( \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & -1 & \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \pi }} e^{-i \phi } \sin (\theta ) \\ 1 & 0 & \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{\pi }} \cos (\theta ) \\ 1 & 1 & -\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \pi }} e^{i \phi } \sin (\theta ) \end{array} \right)\)
- l=2
\(\left( \begin{array}{ccc} 2 & -2 & \frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{15}{2 \pi }} e^{-2 i \phi } \sin ^2(\theta ) \\ 2 & -1 & \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{15}{2 \pi }} e^{-i \phi } \sin (\theta ) \cos (\theta ) \\ 2 & 0 & \frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{5}{\pi }} \left(3 \cos ^2(\theta )-1\right) \\ 2 & 1 & -\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{15}{2 \pi }} e^{i \phi } \sin (\theta ) \cos (\theta ) \\ 2 & 2 & \frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{15}{2 \pi }} e^{2 i \phi } \sin ^2(\theta ) \end{array} \right)\)
- l=3
\(\left( \begin{array}{ccc} 3 & -3 & \frac{1}{8} \sqrt{\frac{35}{\pi }} e^{-3 i \phi } \sin ^3(\theta ) \\ 3 & -2 & \frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{105}{2 \pi }} e^{-2 i \phi } \sin ^2(\theta ) \cos (\theta ) \\ 3 & -1 & \frac{1}{8} \sqrt{\frac{21}{\pi }} e^{-i \phi } \sin (\theta ) \left(5 \cos ^2(\theta )-1\right) \\ 3 & 0 & \frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{7}{\pi }} \left(5 \cos ^3(\theta )-3 \cos (\theta )\right) \\ 3 & 1 & -\frac{1}{8} \sqrt{\frac{21}{\pi }} e^{i \phi } \sin (\theta ) \left(5 \cos ^2(\theta )-1\right) \\ 3 & 2 & \frac{1}{4} \sqrt{\frac{105}{2 \pi }} e^{2 i \phi } \sin ^2(\theta ) \cos (\theta ) \\ 3 & 3 & -\frac{1}{8} \sqrt{\frac{35}{\pi }} e^{3 i \phi } \sin ^3(\theta ) \end{array} \right)\)
내적
\(\int _0^{2\pi }\int _0^{\pi }Y_l^m(\theta ,\phi ){}^*Y_L^M(\theta ,\phi ) \sin (\theta )d\theta d\phi =\delta _{l,L}\delta _{m,M}.\)
단위구면의 라플라시안
- 구면(sphere), 라플라시안(Laplacian)\[\Delta_{S^2} f = {\partial^2 f \over \partial \theta^2} +\cot\theta {\partial f \over \partial \theta} + \frac{1}{ \sin^2 \theta}{\partial^2 f \over \partial \phi^2}\]
- 구면조화함수는 라플라시안의 고유벡터이며, 고유치는 \(-l(l+1)\) 이다\[\Delta_{S^2} Y_{l}^{m}=-l(l+1)Y_{l}^{m}\]
덧셈정리
각운동량 연산자
- 오비탈 각운동량
- \(L^2 Y_{l}^{m}=l(l+1)\hbar^2Y_{l}^{m}\)
- \(L_z Y_{l}^{m}=m \hbar Y_{l}^{m}\)
여기서
\(L^2=-\hbar ^2 \left(\frac{1}{\sin ^2(\theta )}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \phi^2}+\frac{1}{\sin (\theta )} \frac{\partial }{\partial \theta }\left(\sin (\theta ) \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta }\right)\right)\)
\(L_{z}=-i \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial \phi }\)
예
- \(l=3,m=1\) 인 경우\[Y_{3}^{1}(\theta,\phi)=-\frac{1}{8} \sqrt{\frac{21}{\pi }} e^{i \phi } \sin (\theta ) \left(5 \cos ^2(\theta )-1\right)\]
- \(L^2 Y_{3}^{1}(\theta,\phi)=12\hbar^2Y_{3}^{1}\)
- \(L_{z}Y_{3}^{1}(\theta,\phi)=\hbar Y_{3}^{1}\)
3-j 기호(3-j symbols)의 관계
\[ \begin{align} & {} \quad \int Y_{l_1}^{m_1}(\theta,\varphi)Y_{l_2}^{m_2}(\theta,\varphi)Y_{l_3}^{m_3}(\theta,\varphi)\,\sin\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta\,\mathrm{d}\varphi \\ & = \sqrt{\frac{(2l_1+1)(2l_2+1)(2l_3+1)}{4\pi}} \begin{pmatrix} l_1 & l_2 & l_3 \\[8pt] 0 & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} l_1 & l_2 & l_3\\ m_1 & m_2 & m_3 \end{pmatrix} \end{align} \]
- 3-j 기호(3-j symbols) 항목 참조
역사
관련된 항목들
매스매티카 파일 및 계산 리소스
사전 형태의 자료
- http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/구면조화함수
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spherical_harmonics
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Legendre_polynomials
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_spherical_harmonics
리뷰, 에세이, 강의노트
- Dai, F., and Y. Xu. 2013. “Spherical Harmonics.” arXiv:1304.2585 (April 9). http://arxiv.org/abs/1304.2585.
- Gross, Kenneth I. "On the evolution of noncommutative harmonic analysis." The American Mathematical Monthly 85.7 (1978): 525-548. http://www.joma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/upload_library/22/Ford/KennethGross.pdf
관련논문
- Cammarota, Valentina, and Igor Wigman. “Fluctuations of the Total Number of Critical Points of Random Spherical Harmonics.” arXiv:1510.00339 [math], October 1, 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.00339.
- Achour, J. Ben, E. Huguet, J. Queva, and J. Renaud. ‘Explicit Vector Spherical Harmonics on the 3-Sphere’. arXiv:1505.03426 [gr-Qc, Physics:hep-Th, Physics:math-Ph], 13 May 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1505.03426.
- Nazarov, Fedor, and Mikhail Sodin. “On the Number of Nodal Domains of Random Spherical Harmonics.” arXiv:0706.2409 [math-Ph], June 18, 2007. http://arxiv.org/abs/0706.2409.