"아페리(Apéry) 점화식"의 두 판 사이의 차이

수학노트
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(section '관련논문' updated)
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==관련논문==
 
==관련논문==
 +
* Ling Long, Robert Osburn, Holly Swisher, On a conjecture of Kimoto and Wakayama, http://arxiv.org/abs/1404.4723v2
 
* Malik, Amita, and Armin Straub. “Divisibility Properties of Sporadic Ap’ery-like Numbers.” arXiv:1508.00297 [math], August 2, 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.00297.
 
* Malik, Amita, and Armin Straub. “Divisibility Properties of Sporadic Ap’ery-like Numbers.” arXiv:1508.00297 [math], August 2, 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.00297.
 
* Moeller, Martin, and Don Zagier. ‘Modular Embeddings of Teichmueller Curves’. arXiv:1503.05690 [math], 19 March 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.05690.
 
* Moeller, Martin, and Don Zagier. ‘Modular Embeddings of Teichmueller Curves’. arXiv:1503.05690 [math], 19 March 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.05690.

2016년 3월 17일 (목) 19:57 판

개요


$\zeta(2)$

  • 다음 점화식을 생각하자

$$ n^2 u_{n}-(11n^2-11n+3)u_{n-1}-(n-1)^2u_{n-2}=0 \label{z2} $$

  • 수열 $A_n$과 $B_n$을 초기조건이 다음과 같이 주어진 점화식 \ref{z2}의 해라 하자
  • $A_0=1, A_1=3, B_0=0, B_1=5$

$$ \begin{array}{cccc} n & A_n & B_n & B_n/A_n \\ \hline 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 3 & 5 & 1.666666667 \\ 2 & 19 & \frac{125}{4} & 1.644736842 \\ 3 & 147 & \frac{8705}{36} & 1.644935752 \\ 4 & 1251 & \frac{32925}{16} & 1.644934053 \\ 5 & 11253 & \frac{13327519}{720} & 1.644934067 \\ 6 & 104959 & \frac{124308457}{720} & 1.644934067 \\ 7 & 1004307 & \frac{19427741063}{11760} & 1.644934067 \\ 8 & 9793891 & \frac{2273486234953}{141120} & 1.644934067 \\ 9 & 96918753 & \frac{202482451324891}{1270080} & 1.644934067 \\ \end{array} $$

아페리의 정리

  • $A_n\in \mathbb{Z}$
  • $D_n^2 B_n \in \mathbb{Z}$ 여기서 $D_n\approx e^n$은 1부터 n까지의 최소공배수
  • $\lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{B_n}{A_n} = \zeta(2)$
  • $|\frac{B_n}{A_n} -\zeta(2)|= O(\lambda^{-2n})$ 여기서 $\lambda=(\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2})^5\approx 11.0902$
따름정리

$\zeta(2)$는 무리수이다

증명

위의 정리로부터 다음을 얻는다 $$D_n^2|B_n -A_n\zeta(2)|=O\left((\frac{e}{\lambda})^{2n}\right) \label{int1}$$

증명의 아이디어

  • 각 $n\in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0}$에 대하여 다음과 같이 유리함수 $R_n$을 정의하자

$$R_n(t)=\frac{(-1)^n n! \prod_{j=1}^n (t - j)}{\prod_{j=0}^n (t + j)^2}$$

  • $t\to \infty$일 때, $R_n(t)=O(t^{-2})$이므로, $r_n=\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}R_n(m)$는 수렴한다
  • 이 때, 다음이 성립한다

$$ r_n=A_n\zeta(2)-B(n) $$

증명

다음과 같이 $a_k, b_k\in \mathbb{Q}$를 정의하자 $$a_k=\lim_{t\to -k}R_n(t)(t+k)^2$$ $$b_k=\lim_{t\to -k}\frac{d}{dt}\left(R_n(t)(t+k)\right)$$ 멱급수 $r_n(z)=\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}R_n(m)z^m$에 대하여 다음이 성립한다 $$ r_{n}(z)=a(z)\sum_{l=1}^{\infty}\frac{z^l}{l^2}+b(z)(-\log(1-z))-c(z) $$ 여기서 $$ a(z)=\sum_{k=0}^n a_k z^{-k}\\ b(z)=\sum_{k=0}^n b_k z^{-k}\\ c(z)=\sum_{k=0}^n a_k z^{-k}(\sum_{l=1}^k \frac{z^l}{l^2}+\sum_{k=0}^n b_k z^{-k}(\sum_{l=1}^k \frac{z^l}{l} $$ 다음이 성립한다 $$ \lim_{z\to 1^{-}}r_n(z)=a(1)\zeta(2)-c(1), \, b(1)=0 $$

$\zeta(3)$

  • 다음 점화식을 생각하자

$$ n^3u_n-(34 n^3 - 51 n^2 + 27 n - 5)u_{n-1}+(n-1)^3u_{n-2}=0\label{z3} $$

  • 수열 $A_n$과 $B_n$을 초기조건이 다음과 같이 주어진 점화식 \ref{z3}의 해라 하자
  • $A_0=1, A_1=5, B_0=0, B_1=1$

$$ \begin{array}{cccc} n & A_n & B_n & B_n/A_n \\ \hline 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 5 & 1 & 0.2000000000 \\ 2 & 73 & \frac{117}{8} & 0.2003424658 \\ 3 & 1445 & \frac{62531}{216} & 0.2003428169 \\ 4 & 33001 & \frac{11424695}{1728} & 0.2003428172 \\ 5 & 819005 & \frac{35441662103}{216000} & 0.2003428172 \\ 6 & 21460825 & \frac{20637706271}{4800} & 0.2003428172 \\ 7 & 584307365 & \frac{963652602684713}{8232000} & 0.2003428172 \\ 8 & 16367912425 & \frac{43190915887542721}{13171200} & 0.2003428172 \\ 9 & 468690849005 & \frac{1502663969043851254939}{16003008000} & 0.2003428172 \\ \end{array} $$

  • $A_n$의 점근 급수는 다음과 같이 주어진다

$$ (17+12 \sqrt{2})^n n^{-3/2} \sum _{s=0}^{\infty } \frac{c_{1,s}}{n^s}+(17-12 \sqrt{2})^n n^{-3/2} \sum _{s=0}^{\infty } \frac{c_{2,s}}{n^s} $$ 여기서 $c_{1,s},c_{2,s}$는 적당한 상수이며, $$c_{1,0}=\frac{3+2 \sqrt{2}}{\pi ^{3/2} \left(4 \sqrt[4]{2}\right)}, \quad c_{2,0}=\frac{3-2 \sqrt{2}}{\pi ^{3/2} \left(4 \sqrt[4]{2}\right)}$$

아페리의 정리

  • $A_n\in \mathbb{Z}$
  • $D_n^3 B_n \in \mathbb{Z}$ 여기서 $D_n\approx e^n$은 1부터 n까지의 최소공배수
  • $\lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{B_n}{A_n} = \frac{1}{6}\zeta(3)$
  • $|\frac{B_n}{A_n} -\frac{1}{6}\zeta(3)|= O(\lambda^{-2n})$ 여기서 $\lambda=\left(1+\sqrt{2}\right)^4$


점화식

  • $n^2 u_{n}-(An^2-An+\lambda)u_{n-1}+B(n-1)^2u_{n-2}=0$ 꼴의 선형 점화식
  • $n^2 u_{n}-(7n^2-7n+2)u_{n-1}+8(n-1)^2u_{n-2}=0$
  • $n^2 u_{n}-(11n^2-11n+3)u_{n-1}-(n-1)^2u_{n-2}=0$


관련된 항목들


에세이

관련논문

  • Ling Long, Robert Osburn, Holly Swisher, On a conjecture of Kimoto and Wakayama, http://arxiv.org/abs/1404.4723v2
  • Malik, Amita, and Armin Straub. “Divisibility Properties of Sporadic Ap’ery-like Numbers.” arXiv:1508.00297 [math], August 2, 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.00297.
  • Moeller, Martin, and Don Zagier. ‘Modular Embeddings of Teichmueller Curves’. arXiv:1503.05690 [math], 19 March 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.05690.
  • Ekhad, Shalosh B., and Doron Zeilberger. “Searching for Apery-Style Miracles [Using, Inter-Alia, the Amazing Almkvist-Zeilberger Algorithm].” arXiv:1405.4445 [math], May 17, 2014. http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.4445.
  • Golyshev, Vasily, and Masha Vlasenko. 2012. “Equations D3 and Spectral Elliptic Curves.” arXiv:1212.0205 [math] (December 2). http://arxiv.org/abs/1212.0205.
  • Zagier, Don. 2009. “Integral Solutions of Apéry-like Recurrence Equations.” In Groups and Symmetries, 47:349–366. CRM Proc. Lecture Notes. Providence, RI: Amer. Math. Soc. http://people.mpim-bonn.mpg.de/zagier/files/tex/AperylikeRecEqs/fulltext.pdf
  • Yang, Yifan. 2008. “Apéry Limits and Special Values of $L$-Functions.” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 343 (1): 492–513. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2008.01.094.
  • Garoufalidis, Stavros. 2007. “An Ansatz for the Asymptotics of Hypergeometric Multisums.” arXiv:0706.0722 (June 5). http://arxiv.org/abs/0706.0722.
  • Beukers, Frits. 2002. “On Dwork’s Accessory Parameter Problem.” Mathematische Zeitschrift 241 (2): 425–444. doi:10.1007/s00209-002-0424-8.
  • McIntosh, Richard J. 1996. “An Asymptotic Formula for Binomial Sums.” Journal of Number Theory 58 (1) (May): 158–172. doi:10.1006/jnth.1996.0072.
  • Wimp, Jet, and Doron Zeilberger. 1985. “Resurrecting the Asymptotics of Linear Recurrences.” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 111 (1) (October): 162–176. doi:10.1016/0022-247X(85)90209-4.