Constants and units in physics
introduction
- units form a Lauren ring !
- 3 basic units
- length
- time
- mass
- Planck constant
- speed of light
- fine structure constant
- units
- natural units
- rest energy of the proton is roughly 1 GeV
- \(10^9 eV = 1 GeV \)
important figures
- Stoney
- Planck
- Dirac, Large number hypothesis
constants of standard model
masses of electron, muon, and tau leptons (3)
masses of six quarks: up, down, strange, charm, top, bottom (6)
mixing matrix of the down-type quarks, which is parameterized by four independent angles. To find out more, look up "CKM Matrix" or "Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Mixing Matrix" (4)
The strong coupling constant alpha_s (1)
The fine structure constant alpha_em (1)
The Fermi constant G_F (governs weak decay rates) (1)
The Z boson mass M_Z (1)
The Higgs boson mass (1) (the W mass can be calculated from the other parameters and the theory)
Gravity has a strength parameterized by G_N, Newton’s gravitational constant (1).
That’s 19. Two constants, the speed of light and Planck’s constant, define our units of length and time and energy.
The neutrino masses are another 3, and they have a mixing matrix just like the down-type quarks for another four parameters, for a total of 28.
These are the constants of the Standard Model, which is incomplete.
The Standard Model fails to explain dark matter and dark energy. Dark energy may be parameterizable with just one more constant (Einstein’s famous "cosmological constant") or there may be a much richer set of things to understand about it.
Dark matter is also a mystery. My favorite candidate for what it is is supersymmetric partners of ordinary matter. But then all the supersymmetric partners have masses and mixings and lots of numbers to describe them, introducing (at one count I can dig up in the Particle Data Group’s review) of 105 new parameters on top of those of the Standard Model.
books
- Johnson, Peter. The Constants of Nature: A Realist Account. Aldershot, Hants., England : Brookfield, Vt: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1997.
expositions
- http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.07306
- Solà, Joan. ‘Fundamental Constants in Physics and Their Time Variation’. Modern Physics Letters A 30, no. 22 (20 July 2015): 1502004. doi:10.1142/S0217732315020046.
- Duff, M. J. “How Fundamental Are Fundamental Constants?” arXiv:1412.2040 [hep-Th, Physics:physics], December 5, 2014. http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.2040.
- Chiba, Takeshi. “The Constancy of the Constants of Nature: Updates.” Progress of Theoretical Physics 126, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 993–1019. doi:10.1143/PTP.126.993.
- Cowen, Ron. “Changing One of Nature’s Constants.” U.S. News & World Report, September 2010. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.uq.edu.au/docview/807402325?pq-origsite=summon.
- Okun, L. B. “Fundamental Constants of Nature.” arXiv:hep-ph/9612249, December 4, 1996. http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9612249.
- Fritzsch, H. “The Constants of Nature.” Metrologia 22, no. 3 (January 1, 1986): 134. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/22/3/003.
particle physics and the Standard model
articles
- Hao Wei, Xiao-Bo Zou, Hong-Yu Li, Dong-Ze Xue, Cosmological Constant, Fine Structure Constant and Beyond, arXiv:1605.04571 [gr-qc], May 15 2016, http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.04571