"로그 사인 적분 (log sine integrals)"의 두 판 사이의 차이
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Pythagoras0 (토론 | 기여) |
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| (사용자 2명의 중간 판 54개는 보이지 않습니다) | |||
| 1번째 줄: | 1번째 줄: | ||
| − | + | ==개요== | |
| − | * | + | * 정의 :<math>\operatorname{Ls}_{a+b,a}(\theta):=-\int_{0}^{\theta}x^a\log^{b-1}|2\sin \frac{x}{2}|\,dx</math> :<math>\operatorname{Ls}_{n}(\theta):=\operatorname{Ls}_{n,0}(\theta)=-\int_{0}^{\theta}\log^{n-1}(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx</math> |
| + | * 다음과 같은 적분에서 등장한다 | ||
| + | :<math> | ||
| + | \int_{0}^{1-e^{i\theta}}\log^{n-1}z\frac{dz}{1-z}=-i\int_{0}^{\theta}(\frac{i}{2}(x-\pi)+\log|2\sin \frac{x}{2}|)^{n-1}\,dx | ||
| + | </math> | ||
| − | + | * [[로바체프스키 함수|클라우센 함수]]의 일반화로 볼 수 있다 :<math>\operatorname{Cl}_2(\theta)=-\int_0^{\theta} \ln |2\sin \frac{t}{2}| \,dt=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\sin (n\theta)}{n^2}</math> | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ==로그사인 정적분== | |
| − | * | + | * 정적분 값의 계산 문제 :<math>\operatorname{Ls}_{n}(\pi)=-\int_{0}^{\pi}\log^{n-1}(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx</math> |
| + | * 지수생성함수 | ||
| + | :<math>I(x):=\int_{0}^{\pi}e^{x\log(2\sin \frac{1}{2}\theta)}d\theta =\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\int_{0}^{\pi}\frac{x^n}{n!}\log^n(2\sin\frac{1}{2}\theta)d\theta=-\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{x^n}{n!}\operatorname{Ls}_{n+1}(\pi)</math> | ||
| + | * 정적분의 점화식:<math>\operatorname{Ls}_{m+2}(\pi)=(-1)^{m}m![\pi(1-2^{-m})\zeta(m+1)-\sum_{k=2}^{m-1}(-1)^{k}\frac{1-2^{k-m}}{k!}\zeta(m-k+1)\operatorname{Ls}_{k+1}(\pi)</math> | ||
| + | * 이 정적분은 <math>\ln 2</math>와 <math>\zeta(n), n\geq 2</math> 의 다항식으로 표현할 수 있다'''[Bowman1947]''' | ||
| + | * 다음 정리로부터 이러한 결과들을 이해할 수 있다 | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | ===지수생성함수=== | ||
| + | ;정리 '''[Lewin1958]''' | ||
| + | :<math>I(x)=\frac{\pi\Gamma(1+x)}{(\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{2}x))^2}</math> | ||
| + | :<math>\log I(x)=\log {\pi}+\sum_{k=2}^{\infty}(-1)^k (1-2^{1-k})\frac{\zeta(k)}{k}x^k</math> | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ;증명 | |
| − | <math>\ | + | [[오일러 베타적분(베타함수)|오일러 베타적분]] 의 결과를 이용하자. |
| + | :<math>\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin^{p}\theta{d\theta}= \frac{1}{2}B(\frac{p+1}{2},\frac{1}{2})=\frac{\sqrt{\pi}\Gamma(\frac{p}{2}+\frac{1}{2})}{2\Gamma(\frac{p}{2}+1)}</math> | ||
| − | + | :<math>I(x)=\int_{0}^{\pi}e^{x\log(2\sin \frac{1}{2}\theta)}d\theta =\int_{0}^{\pi}(2\sin \frac{1}{2}\theta)^{x}\,d\theta=2^{x+1}\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\sin^{x}t\,dt=\sqrt{\pi}\frac{2^x\Gamma(\frac{x}{2}+\frac{1}{2})}{\Gamma(\frac{x}{2}+1)}</math> | |
| − | + | 여기서 [[감마함수]]의 곱셈공식 | |
| + | :<math>2^{2z}\Gamma(z) \; \Gamma\left(z + \frac{1}{2}\right) = 2\sqrt{\pi}\;\Gamma(2z)</math> 을 이용하면, 우변을 정리하여 원하는 식을 얻는다. | ||
| − | < | + | 한편, |
| + | :<math>\log I(x)=\log {\pi}+\sum_{k=2}^{\infty}(-1)^k (1-2^{1-k})\frac{\zeta(k)}{k}x^k</math> 를 구하려면, [[로그감마 함수]]의 테일러전개를 이용하면 된다 | ||
| + | :<math>\log\Gamma(1+x) =-\gamma x+\sum_{k=2}^{\infty}(-1)^k \frac{\zeta(k)}{k}x^k.</math> ■ | ||
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| − | ( | + | * <math>I(x)</math> 에 대하여 다음이 성립한다 |
| + | :<math>\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}(2 \sin \frac{1}{2}\theta)^{x}\,d\theta=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}(2 \cos \frac{1}{2}\theta)^{x}\,d\theta=\frac{\Gamma(1+x)}{\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{2}x)\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{2}x)}</math> | ||
| − | <math> | + | 좀 더 일반적으로, |
| + | :<math>\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}(2 \cos \frac{1}{2}\theta)^{x}\cos y\theta \,d\theta=\frac{\Gamma(1+x)}{\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{2}x+y)\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{2}x-y)}</math> 가 성립한다. '''[Borwein1995]''' | ||
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| − | + | ||
| − | + | ==special values== | |
| − | <math> | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\ln (\sin t)dt =-\frac{\pi}{4}\ln 2-\frac{G}{2}</math> |
| − | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\ln (\cos t)dt =-\frac{\pi}{4}\ln 2+\frac{G}{2}</math> | |
| − | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}t\ln (\sin t)dt =\frac{35}{128}\zeta(3)-\frac{\pi G}{8}-\frac{\pi^2}{32}\log 2</math> | |
| − | + | (여기서 G는 [[카탈란 상수]]) | |
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<math>\int_{0}^{\pi/3}\log^2(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{7\pi^3}{108}</math> | <math>\int_{0}^{\pi/3}\log^2(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{7\pi^3}{108}</math> | ||
| 78번째 줄: | 68번째 줄: | ||
<math>\int_{0}^{\pi/3}x\log^2(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{17\pi^4}{6480}</math> | <math>\int_{0}^{\pi/3}x\log^2(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{17\pi^4}{6480}</math> | ||
| − | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\pi}\log(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=0</math> | |
| − | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\log(\sin x)\,dx=-\frac{\pi\log 2}{2}</math> | |
| − | < | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\pi/2}x\log(\sin x)\,dx=\frac{7}{16}\zeta(3)-\frac{\pi^2}{8}\log 2</math> |
| − | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}x^2 \ln (\sin x)dx=-\frac{\pi^3}{24}\ln 2+\frac{3}{16} \zeta(3)</math> | |
| − | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\log^2(\sin x)\,dx=\frac{\pi}{2}(\log 2)^2+\frac{\pi^3}{24}</math> | |
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| − | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\pi}\log^2(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{\pi^3}{12}</math> | |
| − | < | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\pi}x^2\log^2(2\cos \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{11\pi^5}{180}</math> |
| − | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\pi}\log^3(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=-\frac{3\pi}{2}\zeta(3)</math> | |
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| − | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\pi}\log^4(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{19\pi^5}{240}</math> | |
| − | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\pi}\log^5(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=-\frac{45\pi}{2}\zeta(5)-\frac{5\pi^3}{4}\zeta(3)</math> | |
| − | < | + | <math>\int_{0}^{\pi}\log^6(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{45\pi}{2}\zeta^2(3)+\frac{275\pi^7}{1344}</math> |
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| − | + | ==메모== | |
| − | * | + | * [[중심이항계수(central binomial coefficient)]]:<math>\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^3\binom{2n}{n}}=4\int_{0}^{\frac{1}{2}}(\arcsin x)^2\frac{dx}{x}=-2\int_{0}^{\pi/3}x\log(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx</math> |
| − | + | * http://cjackal.tistory.com/109 | |
| − | + | * [http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=integrate+%28log+%282sin%28x/2%29%29%29%5E2+dx+from+0+to+pi/3 http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=integrate+(log+(2sin(x/2)))^2+dx+from+0+to+pi/3] | |
| − | + | * http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RamanujanLog-TrigonometricIntegrals.html | |
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| − | * http://www. | ||
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| − | * http:// | ||
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| − | + | ==역사== | |
| + | * [[수학사 연표]] | ||
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| − | + | ==관련된 항목들== | |
| − | + | * [[로그 탄젠트 적분(log tangent integral)]] | |
| + | * [[다이로그 함수(dilogarithm)|다이로그 함수(dilogarithm )]] | ||
| + | * [[폴리로그 함수(polylogarithm)]] | ||
| + | * [[로바체프스키 함수|로바체프스키와 클라우센 함수]] | ||
| + | * [[정수에서의 리만제타함수의 값]] | ||
| + | * [[중심이항계수(central binomial coefficient)]] | ||
| + | * [[오일러 베타적분(베타함수)|오일러 베타적분]] | ||
| + | * [[로그 탄젠트 적분(log tangent integral)|로그 탄젠트 적분]] | ||
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| − | * | + | ==계산 리소스== |
| − | ** http:// | + | * [http://arminstraub.com/mathematics/lstoli-a-mathematica-package-for-evaluating-log-sine-integrals LsToLi: A Mathematica package for evaluating log-sine integrals] |
| − | * | + | ** http://arminstraub.com/pub/log-sine-integrals |
| + | * Kalmykov, M. Yu, and A. Sheplyakov. 2004. “LSJK - a C++ Library for Arbitrary-precision Numeric Evaluation of the Generalized Log-sine Functions.” arXiv:hep-ph/0411100 (November 7). doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2005.04.013. http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0411100. | ||
| − | + | ==관련논문== | |
| − | + | * Borwein, David, Jonathan M Borwein, Armin Straub, and James Wan. 2011. Log-sine evaluations of Mahler measures, II. 1103.3035 (March 15). http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.3035. | |
| + | * Borwein, Jonathan M, and Armin Straub. 2011. Log-sine evaluations of Mahler measures. 1103.3893 (March 20). http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.3893. | ||
| + | * Mark W. Coffey [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0427%2803%2900438-2 On some log-cosine integrals related to ζ(3), ζ(4), and ζ(6)], 2003 | ||
| + | * [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/%7Eadamchik/articles/Srivastava/ch_sr.pdf Multiple Gamma and Related Functions] | ||
| + | ** J. Choi, H. M. Srivastava, V.S. Adamchik , Applied Mathematics and Computation, 134 (2003), 515-533 | ||
| + | * '''[Borwein1995]'''[http://www.jstor.org/stable/2160718 On an Intriguing Integral and Some Series Related to ζ(4)] | ||
| + | ** David Borwein and Jonathan M. Borwein, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 123, No. 4 (Apr., 1995), pp. 1191-1198 | ||
| + | * Some wonderful formulas ... an introduction to polylogarithms | ||
| + | ** A.J. Van der Poorten, Queen's papers in Pure and Applied Mathematics, 54 (1979), 269-286 | ||
| + | * [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01935325 On the value of a logarithmic-trigonometric integral] | ||
| + | ** K. S. Kölbig, 1970 | ||
| + | * '''[Lewin1958]''' L. Lewin [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3609410 On the Evaluation of log-sine Integrals] The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 42, No. 340 (May, 1958), pp. 125-128 | ||
| + | * '''[Bowman1947]'''[http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/jlms/s1-22.3.172 Note on the Integral], J. London Math. Soc. 1947 s1-22: 172-173 | ||
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| − | + | [[분류:적분]] | |
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2020년 11월 12일 (목) 06:47 기준 최신판
개요
- 정의 \[\operatorname{Ls}_{a+b,a}(\theta):=-\int_{0}^{\theta}x^a\log^{b-1}|2\sin \frac{x}{2}|\,dx\] \[\operatorname{Ls}_{n}(\theta):=\operatorname{Ls}_{n,0}(\theta)=-\int_{0}^{\theta}\log^{n-1}(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx\]
- 다음과 같은 적분에서 등장한다
\[ \int_{0}^{1-e^{i\theta}}\log^{n-1}z\frac{dz}{1-z}=-i\int_{0}^{\theta}(\frac{i}{2}(x-\pi)+\log|2\sin \frac{x}{2}|)^{n-1}\,dx \]
- 클라우센 함수의 일반화로 볼 수 있다 \[\operatorname{Cl}_2(\theta)=-\int_0^{\theta} \ln |2\sin \frac{t}{2}| \,dt=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\sin (n\theta)}{n^2}\]
로그사인 정적분
- 정적분 값의 계산 문제 \[\operatorname{Ls}_{n}(\pi)=-\int_{0}^{\pi}\log^{n-1}(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx\]
- 지수생성함수
\[I(x):=\int_{0}^{\pi}e^{x\log(2\sin \frac{1}{2}\theta)}d\theta =\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\int_{0}^{\pi}\frac{x^n}{n!}\log^n(2\sin\frac{1}{2}\theta)d\theta=-\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{x^n}{n!}\operatorname{Ls}_{n+1}(\pi)\]
- 정적분의 점화식\[\operatorname{Ls}_{m+2}(\pi)=(-1)^{m}m![\pi(1-2^{-m})\zeta(m+1)-\sum_{k=2}^{m-1}(-1)^{k}\frac{1-2^{k-m}}{k!}\zeta(m-k+1)\operatorname{Ls}_{k+1}(\pi)\]
- 이 정적분은 \(\ln 2\)와 \(\zeta(n), n\geq 2\) 의 다항식으로 표현할 수 있다[Bowman1947]
- 다음 정리로부터 이러한 결과들을 이해할 수 있다
지수생성함수
- 정리 [Lewin1958]
\[I(x)=\frac{\pi\Gamma(1+x)}{(\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{2}x))^2}\] \[\log I(x)=\log {\pi}+\sum_{k=2}^{\infty}(-1)^k (1-2^{1-k})\frac{\zeta(k)}{k}x^k\]
- 증명
오일러 베타적분 의 결과를 이용하자. \[\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\sin^{p}\theta{d\theta}= \frac{1}{2}B(\frac{p+1}{2},\frac{1}{2})=\frac{\sqrt{\pi}\Gamma(\frac{p}{2}+\frac{1}{2})}{2\Gamma(\frac{p}{2}+1)}\]
\[I(x)=\int_{0}^{\pi}e^{x\log(2\sin \frac{1}{2}\theta)}d\theta =\int_{0}^{\pi}(2\sin \frac{1}{2}\theta)^{x}\,d\theta=2^{x+1}\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\sin^{x}t\,dt=\sqrt{\pi}\frac{2^x\Gamma(\frac{x}{2}+\frac{1}{2})}{\Gamma(\frac{x}{2}+1)}\]
여기서 감마함수의 곱셈공식 \[2^{2z}\Gamma(z) \; \Gamma\left(z + \frac{1}{2}\right) = 2\sqrt{\pi}\;\Gamma(2z)\] 을 이용하면, 우변을 정리하여 원하는 식을 얻는다.
한편, \[\log I(x)=\log {\pi}+\sum_{k=2}^{\infty}(-1)^k (1-2^{1-k})\frac{\zeta(k)}{k}x^k\] 를 구하려면, 로그감마 함수의 테일러전개를 이용하면 된다 \[\log\Gamma(1+x) =-\gamma x+\sum_{k=2}^{\infty}(-1)^k \frac{\zeta(k)}{k}x^k.\] ■
- \(I(x)\) 에 대하여 다음이 성립한다
\[\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}(2 \sin \frac{1}{2}\theta)^{x}\,d\theta=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}(2 \cos \frac{1}{2}\theta)^{x}\,d\theta=\frac{\Gamma(1+x)}{\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{2}x)\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{2}x)}\]
좀 더 일반적으로, \[\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}(2 \cos \frac{1}{2}\theta)^{x}\cos y\theta \,d\theta=\frac{\Gamma(1+x)}{\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{2}x+y)\Gamma(1+\frac{1}{2}x-y)}\] 가 성립한다. [Borwein1995]
special values
\(\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\ln (\sin t)dt =-\frac{\pi}{4}\ln 2-\frac{G}{2}\)
\(\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\ln (\cos t)dt =-\frac{\pi}{4}\ln 2+\frac{G}{2}\)
\(\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}t\ln (\sin t)dt =\frac{35}{128}\zeta(3)-\frac{\pi G}{8}-\frac{\pi^2}{32}\log 2\)
(여기서 G는 카탈란 상수)
\(\int_{0}^{\pi/3}\log^2(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{7\pi^3}{108}\)
\(\int_{0}^{\pi/3}x\log^2(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{17\pi^4}{6480}\)
\(\int_{0}^{\pi}\log(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=0\)
\(\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\log(\sin x)\,dx=-\frac{\pi\log 2}{2}\)
\(\int_{0}^{\pi/2}x\log(\sin x)\,dx=\frac{7}{16}\zeta(3)-\frac{\pi^2}{8}\log 2\)
\(\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}x^2 \ln (\sin x)dx=-\frac{\pi^3}{24}\ln 2+\frac{3}{16} \zeta(3)\)
\(\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\log^2(\sin x)\,dx=\frac{\pi}{2}(\log 2)^2+\frac{\pi^3}{24}\)
\(\int_{0}^{\pi}\log^2(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{\pi^3}{12}\)
\(\int_{0}^{\pi}x^2\log^2(2\cos \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{11\pi^5}{180}\)
\(\int_{0}^{\pi}\log^3(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=-\frac{3\pi}{2}\zeta(3)\)
\(\int_{0}^{\pi}\log^4(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{19\pi^5}{240}\)
\(\int_{0}^{\pi}\log^5(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=-\frac{45\pi}{2}\zeta(5)-\frac{5\pi^3}{4}\zeta(3)\)
\(\int_{0}^{\pi}\log^6(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx=\frac{45\pi}{2}\zeta^2(3)+\frac{275\pi^7}{1344}\)
메모
- 중심이항계수(central binomial coefficient)\[\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^3\binom{2n}{n}}=4\int_{0}^{\frac{1}{2}}(\arcsin x)^2\frac{dx}{x}=-2\int_{0}^{\pi/3}x\log(2\sin \frac{x}{2})\,dx\]
- http://cjackal.tistory.com/109
- http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=integrate+(log+(2sin(x/2)))^2+dx+from+0+to+pi/3
- http://mathworld.wolfram.com/RamanujanLog-TrigonometricIntegrals.html
역사
관련된 항목들
- 로그 탄젠트 적분(log tangent integral)
- 다이로그 함수(dilogarithm )
- 폴리로그 함수(polylogarithm)
- 로바체프스키와 클라우센 함수
- 정수에서의 리만제타함수의 값
- 중심이항계수(central binomial coefficient)
- 오일러 베타적분
- 로그 탄젠트 적분
계산 리소스
- LsToLi: A Mathematica package for evaluating log-sine integrals
- Kalmykov, M. Yu, and A. Sheplyakov. 2004. “LSJK - a C++ Library for Arbitrary-precision Numeric Evaluation of the Generalized Log-sine Functions.” arXiv:hep-ph/0411100 (November 7). doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2005.04.013. http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0411100.
관련논문
- Borwein, David, Jonathan M Borwein, Armin Straub, and James Wan. 2011. Log-sine evaluations of Mahler measures, II. 1103.3035 (March 15). http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.3035.
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