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==개요==
  
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==메모==
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* [http://www.thp2.nat.uni-erlangen.de/index.php?title=Papers_from_the_beginning_of_quantum_mechanics Papers from the beginning of quantum mechanics]
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* Bolotin, Arkady. “Examples of Non-Constructive Proofs in Quantum Theory.” arXiv:1509.06801 [math-Ph, Physics:quant-Ph], September 22, 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1509.06801.
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==관련된 항목들==
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=== 하위페이지 ===
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* 양자역학
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* [[각운동량의 양자 이론]]
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** [[스핀과 파울리의 배타원리]]
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** [[오비탈 각운동량]]
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* [[디랙 방정식]]
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* [[슈뢰딩거 방정식]]
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** [[수소 원자의 스펙트럼과 슈뢰딩거 방정식]]
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** [[양자 조화진동자]]
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* [[클라인-고든 방정식]]
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* [[파울리 방정식]]
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* [[행렬 역학]]
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* [[하이젠베르크 불확정성 원리]]
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==사전 형태의 자료==
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* http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/
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* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
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* [http://eom.springer.de/default.htm The Online Encyclopaedia of Mathematics]
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* [http://dlmf.nist.gov/ NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions]
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* [http://eqworld.ipmnet.ru/ The World of Mathematical Equations]
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==리뷰, 에세이, 강의노트==
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* Hollowood, Timothy J. “Copenhagen Quantum Mechanics.” arXiv:1511.01069 [hep-Th, Physics:quant-Ph], November 3, 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.01069.
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* Moretti, Valter. “Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics: An Advanced Short Course.” arXiv:1508.06951 [hep-Th, Physics:math-Ph], August 27, 2015. http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.06951.
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* Clemente-Gallardo, J., and G. Marmo. ‘Klein’s Programme and Quantum Mechanics’. International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics, 4 March 2015, 1560006. doi:10.1142/S0219887815600063.
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* Kisil, Vladimir V. “Classical/Quantum=Commutative/Noncommutative?” arXiv:1204.1858 [math-Ph, Physics:quant-Ph], April 9, 2012. http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.1858.
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* Zeeman effect http://unicorn.ps.uci.edu/H2A/handouts/PDFs/RWFSodium.pdf[http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/mp/friedrich/PDFs/ptsg.pdf ]
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* B. L. van der Waerden, [http://www.ams.org/notices/199703/vanderwaerden.pdf From Matrix Mechanics and Wave Mechanics to Unified Quantum Mechanics]
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==관련도서==
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* Max Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics (McGraw-Hill 1966).
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* B. L. Van der Warden, Sources of Quantum Mechanics
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[[분류:양자역학]]
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[[분류:수리물리학]]
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== 노트 ==
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===위키데이터===
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* ID :  [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 Q944]
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===말뭉치===
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# Quantum mechanics, science dealing with the behaviour of matter and light on the atomic and subatomic scale.<ref name="ref_1c17ba8d">[https://www.britannica.com/science/quantum-mechanics-physics quantum mechanics | Definition, Development, & Equations]</ref>
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# The behaviour of matter and radiation on the atomic scale often seems peculiar, and the consequences of quantum theory are accordingly difficult to understand and to believe.<ref name="ref_1c17ba8d" />
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# In spite of the overwhelming practical success of quantum mechanics, the foundations of the subject contain unresolved problems—in particular, problems concerning the nature of measurement.<ref name="ref_1c17ba8d" />
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# Thus, quantum mechanics attracted some of the ablest scientists of the 20th century, and they erected what is perhaps the finest intellectual edifice of the period.<ref name="ref_1c17ba8d" />
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# Quantum physics underlies how atoms work, and so why chemistry and biology work as they do.<ref name="ref_d334c117">[https://www.newscientist.com/term/quantum-physics/ Quantum physics]</ref>
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# To begin with, there’s no single quantum theory.<ref name="ref_d334c117" />
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# There’s quantum mechanics, the basic mathematical framework that underpins it all, which was first developed in the 1920s by Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger and others.<ref name="ref_d334c117" />
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# At a basic level, quantum physics predicts very strange things about how matter works that are completely at odds with how things seem to work in the real world.<ref name="ref_d334c117" />
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# That is, the TSVF assumes quantum mechanics works the same way both forward and backward in time.<ref name="ref_67197f24">[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-physics-may-be-even-spookier-than-you-think/ Quantum Physics May Be Even Spookier Than You Think]</ref>
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# Elitzur agrees their experiment could have been conceived using the conventional view of quantum mechanics that prevailed decades ago—but it never was.<ref name="ref_67197f24" />
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# Unlike relativity, however, the origins of QM cannot be attributed to any one scientist.<ref name="ref_15ba4142">[https://www.livescience.com/33816-quantum-mechanics-explanation.html What Is Quantum Mechanics?]</ref>
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# The principles of quantization, wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle ushered in a new era for QM.<ref name="ref_15ba4142" />
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# Unfortunately, QFT has yet to produce a quantum theory of gravity.<ref name="ref_15ba4142" />
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# Quantum mechanics cannot predict the exact location of a particle in space, only the probability of finding it at different locations.<ref name="ref_3b843aa4">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics Quantum mechanics]</ref>
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# The probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics thus stems from the act of measurement.<ref name="ref_3b843aa4" />
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# In the decades after the formulation of quantum mechanics, the question of what constitutes a "measurement" has been extensively studied.<ref name="ref_3b843aa4" />
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# Newer interpretations of quantum mechanics have been formulated that do away with the concept of "wave function collapse" (see, for example, the many-worlds interpretation).<ref name="ref_3b843aa4" />
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# Historically, QM was first applied to electrons only and a sharp dynamic separation with respect to the much heavier nuclei was applied known as the Born-Oppenheimer Approximation (BOA).<ref name="ref_c4a95271">[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/quantum-mechanics Quantum Mechanics - an overview]</ref>
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# = 10 K and 300 K and those obtained in QM for a particle in a confining box potential.<ref name="ref_c4a95271" />
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# That is what an interpretation of the theory would provide: a proper account of what the world is like according to quantum mechanics, intrinsically and from the bottom up.<ref name="ref_b97d84d1">[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm/ Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)]</ref>
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# The situation is a little different in quantum mechanics, where there are mathematically describable ways of combining the values of the quantities that don’t represent physically possible states.<ref name="ref_b97d84d1" />
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# The heart and soul of quantum mechanics is contained in the Hilbert spaces that represent the state-spaces of quantum mechanical systems.<ref name="ref_b97d84d1" />
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# This means that understanding what a system is like according to quantum mechanics is inseparable from familiarity with the internal structure of those spaces.<ref name="ref_b97d84d1" />
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# Scientists interpret quantum mechanics to mean that a tiny piece of material like a photon or electron is both a particle and a wave.<ref name="ref_e2d79674">[https://www.pbs.org/transistor/science/info/quantum.html Quantum Mechanics]</ref>
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# Nevertheless, most physicists today accept the laws of quantum mechanics as an accurate description of the subatomic world.<ref name="ref_e2d79674" />
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# Then there is quantum mechanics, which handles the other three forces – electromagnetism and the two nuclear forces.<ref name="ref_2e2b60bb">[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/nov/04/relativity-quantum-mechanics-universe-physicists Relativity versus quantum mechanics: the battle for the universe]</ref>
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# Quantum theory is extremely adept at describing what happens when a uranium atom decays, or when individual particles of light hit a solar cell.<ref name="ref_2e2b60bb" />
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# In quantum mechanics, events produced by the interaction of subatomic particles happen in jumps (yes, quantum leaps), with probabilistic rather than definite outcomes.<ref name="ref_2e2b60bb" />
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# Likewise, quantum mechanics runs into serious trouble when you blow it up to cosmic dimensions.<ref name="ref_2e2b60bb" />
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# The American physicist Richard Feynman said this about the notorious puzzles and paradoxes of quantum mechanics, the theory physicists use to describe the tiniest objects in the Universe.<ref name="ref_575a8199">[http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170215-the-strange-link-between-the-human-mind-and-quantum-physics The strange link between the human mind and quantum physics]</ref>
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# The perennial puzzle of consciousness has even led some researchers to invoke quantum physics to explain it.<ref name="ref_575a8199" />
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# For one thing, the mind seemed, to the great discomfort of physicists, to force its way into early quantum theory.<ref name="ref_575a8199" />
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# Quantum mechanics is the best theory we have for describing the world at the nuts-and-bolts level of atoms and subatomic particles.<ref name="ref_575a8199" />
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# (9), as in our model (in the previous two subsections), will have to allow many more wave functions than those allowed in quantum mechanics.<ref name="ref_1f7e97da">[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-01375-w Quantum mechanics as classical statistical mechanics with an ontic extension and an epistemic restriction]</ref>
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# Nevertheless, as shown above, measurement of angular momentum will only yield discrete (quantized) outcome as in quantum mechanics.<ref name="ref_1f7e97da" />
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# The founders of quantum mechanics understood it to be deeply, profoundly weird.<ref name="ref_9a494885">[https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-theorem-maps-out-the-limits-of-quantum-physics-20201203/ A New Theorem Maps Out the Limits of Quantum Physics]</ref>
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# Then in 1964, John Stewart Bell proved a theorem that would test whether quantum theory was obscuring a full description of reality, as Einstein claimed.<ref name="ref_9a494885" />
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# In addition, it assumes (à la Einstein) that there’s a hidden deterministic reality not modeled by the mathematics of quantum mechanics.<ref name="ref_9a494885" />
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# The measured correlations were above the level known as Bell’s inequality, and Bell tests were consistent with the predictions of quantum mechanics.<ref name="ref_9a494885" />
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# But by the mid-1920s he had started to distance himself from developments in quantum theory.<ref name="ref_58fe9c5f">[https://www.iop.org/explore-physics/physics-stepping-stones/quantum-mechanics Quantum mechanics]</ref>
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# This was because quantum mechanics did not provide exact measurements.<ref name="ref_58fe9c5f" />
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# To an even greater extent than relativity, quantum mechanics today pervades all areas of fundamental physics – from matter’s building blocks to the big bang and almost everything in between.<ref name="ref_58fe9c5f" />
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# In 1935 Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen thought they had found a paradox in the equations of quantum mechanics.<ref name="ref_58fe9c5f" />
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# Take free online quantum physics courses to build your skills and advance your career.<ref name="ref_9078747c">[https://www.edx.org/learn/quantum-physics-mechanics Learn Quantum Physics and Mechanics with Online Courses and Classes]</ref>
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# Additionally, edX offers the option to pursue verified certificates in quantum physics courses.<ref name="ref_9078747c" />
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# If you are new to the world of quantum mechanics, get an introduction with Georgetown’s self-paced course, Quantum Mechanics for Everyone.<ref name="ref_9078747c" />
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# For more advanced topics in quantum physics, consider two courses from MIT.<ref name="ref_9078747c" />
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# Despite its many successes, physicists are still struggling to nail down a coherent interpretation of quantum mechanics, as it best represents “reality”.<ref name="ref_b8a5c0d6">[https://physicsworld.com/a/thirty-years-of-against-measurement/ Thirty years of ‘against measurement’ – Physics World]</ref>
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# Indeed, the debate about the interpretation of quantum mechanics, which began in 1927, continues to this day.<ref name="ref_b8a5c0d6" />
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# Sure, there’s nothing in quantum mechanics that can account for this.<ref name="ref_b8a5c0d6" />
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# For example, Leonard Schiff’s Quantum Mechanics, first published in 1949, informed the teaching of the theory throughout North America, Europe and Asia through three editions spanning 20 years.<ref name="ref_b8a5c0d6" />
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# This is the strongest result yet in a long series of discoveries in quantum mechanics that have upended our ideas about reality.<ref name="ref_9c8603d8">[https://theconversation.com/a-new-quantum-paradox-throws-the-foundations-of-observed-reality-into-question-144426 A new quantum paradox throws the foundations of observed reality into question]</ref>
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# Quantum mechanics works extremely well to describe the behaviour of tiny objects, such as atoms or particles of light (photons).<ref name="ref_9c8603d8" />
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# However, Wigner noticed that if he applied the equations of quantum mechanics to describe this situation from the outside, the result was quite different.<ref name="ref_9c8603d8" />
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# As in Wigner’s argument, the equations of quantum mechanics tell us Charlie and Debbie should become entangled with their observed particles.<ref name="ref_9c8603d8" />
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# Quantum mechanics is one of the most challenging subjects to learn.<ref name="ref_453491f0">[https://www.routledge.com/Quantum-Mechanics-A-Simplified-Approach/Siddiqui/p/book/9781138197268 Quantum Mechanics A Simplified Approach]</ref>
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# The understanding of quantum mechanics is incomplete without understanding the early ideas and experiments that lead to the development of the quantum theory.<ref name="ref_453491f0" />
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# This course covers the experimental basis of quantum physics.<ref name="ref_db1208aa">[https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-04-quantum-physics-i-spring-2013/ Quantum Physics I]</ref>
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# Notice also that quantum mechanics provides no exception to our rule; it also requires a definition of an ordered time coordinate.<ref name="ref_dbdc58a6">[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2018.00081/full Time, the Arrow of Time, and Quantum Mechanics]</ref>
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# The theory of quantum mechanics is arguably one of the greatest discoveries of physics; it revolutionized our understanding of molecules, atoms, radiation, and the world of the sub-atomic particles.<ref name="ref_dbdc58a6" />
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# Quantum mechanics is a superb description of the world of tiny things, but, on the face of it, quantum mechanics seems merely to reflect humanity's ignorance.<ref name="ref_dbdc58a6" />
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# They conceived of a Gedanken experiment to show that quantum mechanics cannot exactly provide a local description of what is going on.<ref name="ref_dbdc58a6" />
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# Schleier-Smith studies quantum mechanics, the theory that explains the nature of really small things: atoms, photons, and individual particles (e.g. electrons).<ref name="ref_e1ecd2c0">[https://www.npr.org/2020/10/16/924586088/quantum-mechanics-for-beginners Building A Better Clock With Quantum Physics : Short Wave : NPR]</ref>
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# Until physicists definitively answer these questions, they can’t really be said to understand quantum mechanics — thus Feynman’s lament.<ref name="ref_709dd301">[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/07/opinion/sunday/quantum-physics.html Even Physicists Don’t Understand Quantum Mechanics - The New York Times]</ref>
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# Which is bad, because quantum mechanics is the most fundamental theory we have, sitting squarely at the center of every serious attempt to formulate deep laws of nature.<ref name="ref_709dd301" />
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# You would naturally think, then, that understanding quantum mechanics would be the absolute highest priority among physicists worldwide.<ref name="ref_709dd301" />
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# Investigating the foundations of quantum theory should be a glamour specialty within the field, attracting the brightest minds, highest salaries and most prestigious prizes.<ref name="ref_709dd301" />
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# The theoretical framework for describing this precisely is the quantum mechanics.<ref name="ref_8d4c466c">[https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/quantum+mechanics quantum mechanics in nLab]</ref>
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# Quantum mechanics of point particles may be understood as a special case of the formalism of quantum field theory.<ref name="ref_8d4c466c" />
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# More generally, quantum physics is all the known physics not including classical physics in wider sense; it includes relativistic and nonrelativistic phenomena.<ref name="ref_8d4c466c" />
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# which explains theoretically phenomena of quantum physics: in this generality of the formalism a la von Neumann, it includes the quantum field theory.<ref name="ref_8d4c466c" />
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# By the turn of the century, however, the cracks were beginning to show and the disciplines of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics were developed to account for them.<ref name="ref_e87c9b82">[http://newton.ex.ac.uk/research/qsystems/people/jenkins/mbody/mbody2.html 2. Some Basic Ideas about Quantum Mechanics]</ref>
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# In Quantum Mechanics this neat distinction is blurred.<ref name="ref_e87c9b82" />
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# We shall, however, expand greatly upon the basic framework of Quantum Mechanics in later chapters....<ref name="ref_e87c9b82" />
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# Quantum mechanics is a set of principles underlying the most fundamental known description of all physical systems at the submicroscopic scale (at the atomic level).<ref name="ref_7617c27d">[https://phys.org/tags/quantum+mechanics/ Quantum mechanics news and latest updates]</ref>
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# Classical physics can be derived as a good approximation to quantum physics, typically in circumstances with large numbers of particles.<ref name="ref_7617c27d" />
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# Quantum theory provides accurate descriptions for many previously unexplained phenomena such as black body radiation and stable electron orbits.<ref name="ref_7617c27d" />
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# He afterwards took part in the development of atomic physics from the still essentially classical picture of Bohr's early work to the true quantum mechanics.<ref name="ref_16167922">[https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783540098423 General Principles of Quantum Mechanics]</ref>
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# There are specialized treatises on various aspects of the foundations of QM, but none that integrate those topics with the standard material.<ref name="ref_43065e4c">[https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9038 Quantum Mechanics]</ref>
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# The impact of quantum information theory on the foundations of quantum mechanics is discussed.<ref name="ref_43065e4c" />
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# The book is intended primarily as a graduate level textbook, but it will also be of interest to physicists and philosophers who study the foundations of QM.<ref name="ref_43065e4c" />
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# Quantum mechanics thus takes a probabilistic view of nature, sharply contrasting with classical mechanics, in which all precise properties of objects are, in principle, calculable.<ref name="ref_0f4a3c54">[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-birth-of-quantum-theory The birth of quantum theory]</ref>
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# It’s one of the oddest tenets of quantum theory: a particle can be in two places at once—yet we only ever see it here or there.<ref name="ref_dc6e6315">[https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/09/one-quantum-physics-greatest-paradoxes-may-have-lost-its-leading-explanation One of quantum physics’ greatest paradoxes may have lost its leading explanation]</ref>
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# The basic idea is that the gravitational field of any object stands outside quantum theory.<ref name="ref_dc6e6315" />
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# Quantum theory as a scientific revolution profoundly influenced human thought about the universe and governed forces of nature.<ref name="ref_6838a7f2">[https://www.intechopen.com/books/theoretical-concepts-of-quantum-mechanics Theoretical Concepts of Quantum Mechanics]</ref>
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# A quantum theory of relativistic scalar particles is developed in which the proper time τ is central.<ref name="ref_bfde6a45">[https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.166.1293 Proper-Time Formulation of Quantum Mechanics]</ref>
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# We must find a way of taking over this new information into the quantum theory and must set up a relativistic quantum mechanics, before we can dispense with the Correspondence Principle.<ref name="ref_f2076b9b">[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.1932.0094 Relativistic quantum mechanics]</ref>
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# This category of whole-to-part phenomena and the questions they raise for the reductionism–emergence debate can be fully analyzed using standard quantum mechanics.<ref name="ref_8344bc73">[https://www.pnas.org/content/115/46/11730 Completely top–down hierarchical structure in quantum mechanics]</ref>
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# We do not need to make any modification of standard quantum mechanics to analyze these whole-to-part effects.<ref name="ref_8344bc73" />
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# This time-symmetric reformulation of standard quantum mechanics is known as the two-state vector formalism (TSVF) (17⇓⇓–20).<ref name="ref_8344bc73" />
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# In particular, we generalize this scenario to the many-body case and claim it is an example of a completely top–down logical structure in quantum mechanics.<ref name="ref_8344bc73" />
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# This article discusses the history of quantum physics, beginning with an analysis of the process through which a community of quantum theorists and experimentalists came into being.<ref name="ref_1fbafed2">[https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696253.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199696253-e-28 Quantum Physics]</ref>
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# It also considers the post-war years, as the problems of atomic spectroscopy sparked the development of new methodological approaches to quantum theory.<ref name="ref_1fbafed2" />
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===소스===
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<references />
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==메타데이터==
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===위키데이터===
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* ID :  [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 Q944]
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===Spacy 패턴 목록===
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* [{'LOWER': 'quantum'}, {'LEMMA': 'mechanics'}]
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* [{'LOWER': 'quantum'}, {'LEMMA': 'physics'}]
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* [{'LOWER': 'quantum'}, {'LEMMA': 'theory'}]
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* [{'LOWER': 'wave'}, {'LOWER': 'mechanical'}, {'LEMMA': 'model'}]
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* [{'LOWER': 'matrix'}, {'LEMMA': 'mechanic'}]
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* [{'LEMMA': 'qm'}]

2021년 2월 17일 (수) 04:53 기준 최신판

개요

메모




관련된 항목들

하위페이지

사전 형태의 자료


리뷰, 에세이, 강의노트

관련도서

  • Max Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics (McGraw-Hill 1966).
  • B. L. Van der Warden, Sources of Quantum Mechanics

노트

위키데이터

말뭉치

  1. Quantum mechanics, science dealing with the behaviour of matter and light on the atomic and subatomic scale.[1]
  2. The behaviour of matter and radiation on the atomic scale often seems peculiar, and the consequences of quantum theory are accordingly difficult to understand and to believe.[1]
  3. In spite of the overwhelming practical success of quantum mechanics, the foundations of the subject contain unresolved problems—in particular, problems concerning the nature of measurement.[1]
  4. Thus, quantum mechanics attracted some of the ablest scientists of the 20th century, and they erected what is perhaps the finest intellectual edifice of the period.[1]
  5. Quantum physics underlies how atoms work, and so why chemistry and biology work as they do.[2]
  6. To begin with, there’s no single quantum theory.[2]
  7. There’s quantum mechanics, the basic mathematical framework that underpins it all, which was first developed in the 1920s by Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger and others.[2]
  8. At a basic level, quantum physics predicts very strange things about how matter works that are completely at odds with how things seem to work in the real world.[2]
  9. That is, the TSVF assumes quantum mechanics works the same way both forward and backward in time.[3]
  10. Elitzur agrees their experiment could have been conceived using the conventional view of quantum mechanics that prevailed decades ago—but it never was.[3]
  11. Unlike relativity, however, the origins of QM cannot be attributed to any one scientist.[4]
  12. The principles of quantization, wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle ushered in a new era for QM.[4]
  13. Unfortunately, QFT has yet to produce a quantum theory of gravity.[4]
  14. Quantum mechanics cannot predict the exact location of a particle in space, only the probability of finding it at different locations.[5]
  15. The probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics thus stems from the act of measurement.[5]
  16. In the decades after the formulation of quantum mechanics, the question of what constitutes a "measurement" has been extensively studied.[5]
  17. Newer interpretations of quantum mechanics have been formulated that do away with the concept of "wave function collapse" (see, for example, the many-worlds interpretation).[5]
  18. Historically, QM was first applied to electrons only and a sharp dynamic separation with respect to the much heavier nuclei was applied known as the Born-Oppenheimer Approximation (BOA).[6]
  19. = 10 K and 300 K and those obtained in QM for a particle in a confining box potential.[6]
  20. That is what an interpretation of the theory would provide: a proper account of what the world is like according to quantum mechanics, intrinsically and from the bottom up.[7]
  21. The situation is a little different in quantum mechanics, where there are mathematically describable ways of combining the values of the quantities that don’t represent physically possible states.[7]
  22. The heart and soul of quantum mechanics is contained in the Hilbert spaces that represent the state-spaces of quantum mechanical systems.[7]
  23. This means that understanding what a system is like according to quantum mechanics is inseparable from familiarity with the internal structure of those spaces.[7]
  24. Scientists interpret quantum mechanics to mean that a tiny piece of material like a photon or electron is both a particle and a wave.[8]
  25. Nevertheless, most physicists today accept the laws of quantum mechanics as an accurate description of the subatomic world.[8]
  26. Then there is quantum mechanics, which handles the other three forces – electromagnetism and the two nuclear forces.[9]
  27. Quantum theory is extremely adept at describing what happens when a uranium atom decays, or when individual particles of light hit a solar cell.[9]
  28. In quantum mechanics, events produced by the interaction of subatomic particles happen in jumps (yes, quantum leaps), with probabilistic rather than definite outcomes.[9]
  29. Likewise, quantum mechanics runs into serious trouble when you blow it up to cosmic dimensions.[9]
  30. The American physicist Richard Feynman said this about the notorious puzzles and paradoxes of quantum mechanics, the theory physicists use to describe the tiniest objects in the Universe.[10]
  31. The perennial puzzle of consciousness has even led some researchers to invoke quantum physics to explain it.[10]
  32. For one thing, the mind seemed, to the great discomfort of physicists, to force its way into early quantum theory.[10]
  33. Quantum mechanics is the best theory we have for describing the world at the nuts-and-bolts level of atoms and subatomic particles.[10]
  34. (9), as in our model (in the previous two subsections), will have to allow many more wave functions than those allowed in quantum mechanics.[11]
  35. Nevertheless, as shown above, measurement of angular momentum will only yield discrete (quantized) outcome as in quantum mechanics.[11]
  36. The founders of quantum mechanics understood it to be deeply, profoundly weird.[12]
  37. Then in 1964, John Stewart Bell proved a theorem that would test whether quantum theory was obscuring a full description of reality, as Einstein claimed.[12]
  38. In addition, it assumes (à la Einstein) that there’s a hidden deterministic reality not modeled by the mathematics of quantum mechanics.[12]
  39. The measured correlations were above the level known as Bell’s inequality, and Bell tests were consistent with the predictions of quantum mechanics.[12]
  40. But by the mid-1920s he had started to distance himself from developments in quantum theory.[13]
  41. This was because quantum mechanics did not provide exact measurements.[13]
  42. To an even greater extent than relativity, quantum mechanics today pervades all areas of fundamental physics – from matter’s building blocks to the big bang and almost everything in between.[13]
  43. In 1935 Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen thought they had found a paradox in the equations of quantum mechanics.[13]
  44. Take free online quantum physics courses to build your skills and advance your career.[14]
  45. Additionally, edX offers the option to pursue verified certificates in quantum physics courses.[14]
  46. If you are new to the world of quantum mechanics, get an introduction with Georgetown’s self-paced course, Quantum Mechanics for Everyone.[14]
  47. For more advanced topics in quantum physics, consider two courses from MIT.[14]
  48. Despite its many successes, physicists are still struggling to nail down a coherent interpretation of quantum mechanics, as it best represents “reality”.[15]
  49. Indeed, the debate about the interpretation of quantum mechanics, which began in 1927, continues to this day.[15]
  50. Sure, there’s nothing in quantum mechanics that can account for this.[15]
  51. For example, Leonard Schiff’s Quantum Mechanics, first published in 1949, informed the teaching of the theory throughout North America, Europe and Asia through three editions spanning 20 years.[15]
  52. This is the strongest result yet in a long series of discoveries in quantum mechanics that have upended our ideas about reality.[16]
  53. Quantum mechanics works extremely well to describe the behaviour of tiny objects, such as atoms or particles of light (photons).[16]
  54. However, Wigner noticed that if he applied the equations of quantum mechanics to describe this situation from the outside, the result was quite different.[16]
  55. As in Wigner’s argument, the equations of quantum mechanics tell us Charlie and Debbie should become entangled with their observed particles.[16]
  56. Quantum mechanics is one of the most challenging subjects to learn.[17]
  57. The understanding of quantum mechanics is incomplete without understanding the early ideas and experiments that lead to the development of the quantum theory.[17]
  58. This course covers the experimental basis of quantum physics.[18]
  59. Notice also that quantum mechanics provides no exception to our rule; it also requires a definition of an ordered time coordinate.[19]
  60. The theory of quantum mechanics is arguably one of the greatest discoveries of physics; it revolutionized our understanding of molecules, atoms, radiation, and the world of the sub-atomic particles.[19]
  61. Quantum mechanics is a superb description of the world of tiny things, but, on the face of it, quantum mechanics seems merely to reflect humanity's ignorance.[19]
  62. They conceived of a Gedanken experiment to show that quantum mechanics cannot exactly provide a local description of what is going on.[19]
  63. Schleier-Smith studies quantum mechanics, the theory that explains the nature of really small things: atoms, photons, and individual particles (e.g. electrons).[20]
  64. Until physicists definitively answer these questions, they can’t really be said to understand quantum mechanics — thus Feynman’s lament.[21]
  65. Which is bad, because quantum mechanics is the most fundamental theory we have, sitting squarely at the center of every serious attempt to formulate deep laws of nature.[21]
  66. You would naturally think, then, that understanding quantum mechanics would be the absolute highest priority among physicists worldwide.[21]
  67. Investigating the foundations of quantum theory should be a glamour specialty within the field, attracting the brightest minds, highest salaries and most prestigious prizes.[21]
  68. The theoretical framework for describing this precisely is the quantum mechanics.[22]
  69. Quantum mechanics of point particles may be understood as a special case of the formalism of quantum field theory.[22]
  70. More generally, quantum physics is all the known physics not including classical physics in wider sense; it includes relativistic and nonrelativistic phenomena.[22]
  71. which explains theoretically phenomena of quantum physics: in this generality of the formalism a la von Neumann, it includes the quantum field theory.[22]
  72. By the turn of the century, however, the cracks were beginning to show and the disciplines of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics were developed to account for them.[23]
  73. In Quantum Mechanics this neat distinction is blurred.[23]
  74. We shall, however, expand greatly upon the basic framework of Quantum Mechanics in later chapters....[23]
  75. Quantum mechanics is a set of principles underlying the most fundamental known description of all physical systems at the submicroscopic scale (at the atomic level).[24]
  76. Classical physics can be derived as a good approximation to quantum physics, typically in circumstances with large numbers of particles.[24]
  77. Quantum theory provides accurate descriptions for many previously unexplained phenomena such as black body radiation and stable electron orbits.[24]
  78. He afterwards took part in the development of atomic physics from the still essentially classical picture of Bohr's early work to the true quantum mechanics.[25]
  79. There are specialized treatises on various aspects of the foundations of QM, but none that integrate those topics with the standard material.[26]
  80. The impact of quantum information theory on the foundations of quantum mechanics is discussed.[26]
  81. The book is intended primarily as a graduate level textbook, but it will also be of interest to physicists and philosophers who study the foundations of QM.[26]
  82. Quantum mechanics thus takes a probabilistic view of nature, sharply contrasting with classical mechanics, in which all precise properties of objects are, in principle, calculable.[27]
  83. It’s one of the oddest tenets of quantum theory: a particle can be in two places at once—yet we only ever see it here or there.[28]
  84. The basic idea is that the gravitational field of any object stands outside quantum theory.[28]
  85. Quantum theory as a scientific revolution profoundly influenced human thought about the universe and governed forces of nature.[29]
  86. A quantum theory of relativistic scalar particles is developed in which the proper time τ is central.[30]
  87. We must find a way of taking over this new information into the quantum theory and must set up a relativistic quantum mechanics, before we can dispense with the Correspondence Principle.[31]
  88. This category of whole-to-part phenomena and the questions they raise for the reductionism–emergence debate can be fully analyzed using standard quantum mechanics.[32]
  89. We do not need to make any modification of standard quantum mechanics to analyze these whole-to-part effects.[32]
  90. This time-symmetric reformulation of standard quantum mechanics is known as the two-state vector formalism (TSVF) (17⇓⇓–20).[32]
  91. In particular, we generalize this scenario to the many-body case and claim it is an example of a completely top–down logical structure in quantum mechanics.[32]
  92. This article discusses the history of quantum physics, beginning with an analysis of the process through which a community of quantum theorists and experimentalists came into being.[33]
  93. It also considers the post-war years, as the problems of atomic spectroscopy sparked the development of new methodological approaches to quantum theory.[33]

소스

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 quantum mechanics | Definition, Development, & Equations
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Quantum physics
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Quantum Physics May Be Even Spookier Than You Think
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 What Is Quantum Mechanics?
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Quantum mechanics
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Quantum Mechanics - an overview
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Quantum Mechanics
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Relativity versus quantum mechanics: the battle for the universe
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 The strange link between the human mind and quantum physics
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Quantum mechanics as classical statistical mechanics with an ontic extension and an epistemic restriction
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 A New Theorem Maps Out the Limits of Quantum Physics
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Quantum mechanics
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Learn Quantum Physics and Mechanics with Online Courses and Classes
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Thirty years of ‘against measurement’ – Physics World
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 A new quantum paradox throws the foundations of observed reality into question
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Quantum Mechanics A Simplified Approach
  18. ↑ Quantum Physics I
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Time, the Arrow of Time, and Quantum Mechanics
  20. ↑ Building A Better Clock With Quantum Physics : Short Wave : NPR
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Even Physicists Don’t Understand Quantum Mechanics - The New York Times
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 quantum mechanics in nLab
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 2. Some Basic Ideas about Quantum Mechanics
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Quantum mechanics news and latest updates
  25. ↑ General Principles of Quantum Mechanics
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Quantum Mechanics
  27. ↑ The birth of quantum theory
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 One of quantum physics’ greatest paradoxes may have lost its leading explanation
  29. ↑ Theoretical Concepts of Quantum Mechanics
  30. ↑ Proper-Time Formulation of Quantum Mechanics
  31. ↑ Relativistic quantum mechanics
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Completely top–down hierarchical structure in quantum mechanics
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Quantum Physics

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